nbme 2 block 4 q 1------- q50 - drona99

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LETS START

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1--dd
h influenza chocolate agar with factor V [NAD] and X [hematin]

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2.D
Rabis....enveloped RNA SS-

Dynein, a motor protein responsible for retrograde axonal transport, carries vesicles and other cellular products toward the cell bodies of neurons.

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3.D
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) refers to infection of the uterus (womb), fallopian tubes (tubes that carry eggs from the ovaries to the uterus) and other reproductive organs that causes symptoms such as lower abdominal pain. It is a serious complication of some sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), especially chlamydia and gonorrhea. PID can damage the fallopian tubes and tissues in and near the uterus and ovaries. PID can lead to serious consequences including infertility, ectopic pregnancy (a pregnancy in the fallopian tube or elsewhere outside of the womb), abscess formation, and chronic pelvic pain

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5.E

Probenecid is a uricosuric drug that increases uric acid excretion in the urine. It is primarily used in treating gout and hyperuricemia.

Mechanism
In the kidneys probenecid is filtered at the glomerulus, secreted in the proximal tubule and reabsorbed in the distal tubule.

Probenecid works by interfering with the kidney's organic anion transporter (OAT), which reclaims uric acid from the urine and returns it to the plasma[5]. If probenecid (an organic acid) is present, the OAT binds preferentially to it (instead of to uric acid), preventing re-absorption of the uric acid. Hence, the urine retains more uric acid, lowering uric acid concentration in the plasma.

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3- d
PID : clamydia: suacute; neisseria: acute, fever,...; trichomonas, gardenella. clinical fidings: cervical motion tender, mucopurulent dischagre,...
salpigitis: infertility hyposalse, tubo oval abcess, fitsHugh curtis: liver capsule, violinstring,

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STD: gonorhea
genital herpes, clamydia, lymphogranula veraneum, trichomonas, AID, condyloma acuminata, HBV, chancroid hema, ducry, bacteria vaginogis, synphylis,

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that 4 -e maryam
5- 21 alpha def? b

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@ sooner bacterial vaginosis is not a STD ..its just genital infection

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6.A
Diabetes insipidus (DI) is a condition characterized by excessive thirst and excretion of large amounts of severely diluted urine, with reduction of fluid intake having no effect on the latter. There are several different types of DI, each with a different cause. The most common type in humans is central DI, caused by a deficiency of arginine vasopressin (AVP), also known as antidiuretic hormone (ADH). The second common type of DI is nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, which is caused by an insensitivity of the kidneys to ADH. It can also be an iatrogenic artifact of drug use.

A fluid deprivation test helps determine whether DI is caused by:

1.excessive intake of fluid (primary polydipsia)
2.a defect in ADH production
3.a defect in the kidneys' response to ADH

To distinguish between central and Nephrogenic, desmopressin stimulation is also used

Desmopressin can be taken by injection, a nasal spray, or a tablet. While taking desmopressin, a patient should drink fluids or water only when thirsty and not at other times, as this can lead to sudden fluid accumulation in the central nervous system. If desmopressin reduces urine output and increases osmolarity, the pituitary production of ADH is deficient, and the kidney responds normally. If the DI is due to renal pathology, desmopressin does not change either urine output or osmolarity