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HELPFUL TIP Not all kidney disease in a
diabetic is caused by diabetes. Diabetic
retinopathy and nephropathy go together. But
if a diabetic patient with renal disease has no
retinopathy, consider other causes of kidney
disease.

HELPFUL TIP Remember that a BUN/Cr
ratio >20 generally indicates a prerenal cause
of azotemia. These causes include dehydration
and poor renal perfusion (shock such as sepsis,
CHF, hypotension, etc). A BUN/Cr ratio

phew...thxxx