04-17-2011, 07:55 AM
04-17-2011, 08:05 AM
1.BB
Borderline personality disorder :
characterized by depth and variability of moods. The disorder typically involves unusual levels of instability in mood; black and white thinking, or splitting,also can undermine relationships with family, friends, and co-workers. BPD disturbances also may include self-harm.
Without treatment, symptoms may worsen, leading (in extreme cases) to suicide attempts.
Manegement:
cognitive behavioral therapy, interpersonal therapy, and psychodynamic therapy among others.
The evidence of benefit for antipsychotics, mood stabilisers, and omega-3 fatty acids is weak. Antidepressants, antipsychotics and mood stabilisers (such as lithium) are regularly used however to treat co-morbid symptoms such as depression.
Borderline personality disorder :
characterized by depth and variability of moods. The disorder typically involves unusual levels of instability in mood; black and white thinking, or splitting,also can undermine relationships with family, friends, and co-workers. BPD disturbances also may include self-harm.
Without treatment, symptoms may worsen, leading (in extreme cases) to suicide attempts.
Manegement:
cognitive behavioral therapy, interpersonal therapy, and psychodynamic therapy among others.
The evidence of benefit for antipsychotics, mood stabilisers, and omega-3 fatty acids is weak. Antidepressants, antipsychotics and mood stabilisers (such as lithium) are regularly used however to treat co-morbid symptoms such as depression.
04-17-2011, 08:20 AM
2.CC
Tuberculosis:
Interferon-γ (interferon-gamma) release assays (IGRAs) are exciting new developments in TB infection testing.
IGRAs are based on the ability of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens for early secretory antigen target to stimulate host production of interferon-gamma. Because these antigens are not present in non-tuberculous mycobacteria or in any BCG vaccine variant, these tests can distinguish latent tuberculosis infection .
Tuberculosis:
Interferon-γ (interferon-gamma) release assays (IGRAs) are exciting new developments in TB infection testing.
IGRAs are based on the ability of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens for early secretory antigen target to stimulate host production of interferon-gamma. Because these antigens are not present in non-tuberculous mycobacteria or in any BCG vaccine variant, these tests can distinguish latent tuberculosis infection .
04-17-2011, 08:31 AM
3.EE
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a large genomic region or gene family that encodes MHC molecules. MHC molecules play an important role in the immune system and autoimmunity.
There are two general classes of MHC molecules: Class I and Class II.
Class I MHC molecules are found on all nucleated cells and present peptides to cytotoxic T cells.
Class II MHC molecules are found on certain immune cells themselves, chiefly macrophages, B cells and dendritic cells, collectively known as professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs). These APCs specialize in the uptake of pathogens and subsequent processing into peptide fragments within phagosomes. The Class II MHC molecules on APCs present these fragments to helper T cells, which stimulate an immune reaction from other cells.
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a large genomic region or gene family that encodes MHC molecules. MHC molecules play an important role in the immune system and autoimmunity.
There are two general classes of MHC molecules: Class I and Class II.
Class I MHC molecules are found on all nucleated cells and present peptides to cytotoxic T cells.
Class II MHC molecules are found on certain immune cells themselves, chiefly macrophages, B cells and dendritic cells, collectively known as professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs). These APCs specialize in the uptake of pathogens and subsequent processing into peptide fragments within phagosomes. The Class II MHC molecules on APCs present these fragments to helper T cells, which stimulate an immune reaction from other cells.
04-17-2011, 08:38 AM
4.BB
t1/2=(0.7*Vd)/CL......~35
t1/2=(0.7*Vd)/CL......~35
04-17-2011, 08:46 AM
5.AA
The process by which new blood capillaries grow into a wound space after injury is known as angiogenesis. Wound angiogenesis is an important part of the proliferative phase of healing.
Healing of any skin wound other than the most superficial cannot occur without angiogenesis. Not only does any damaged vasculature need to be repaired, but the increased local cell activity necessary for healing requires an increased supply of nutrients from the bloodstream. Moreover, the endothelial cells which form the lining of the blood vessels are important in themselves as organizers and regulators of healing.
The process by which new blood capillaries grow into a wound space after injury is known as angiogenesis. Wound angiogenesis is an important part of the proliferative phase of healing.
Healing of any skin wound other than the most superficial cannot occur without angiogenesis. Not only does any damaged vasculature need to be repaired, but the increased local cell activity necessary for healing requires an increased supply of nutrients from the bloodstream. Moreover, the endothelial cells which form the lining of the blood vessels are important in themselves as organizers and regulators of healing.
04-17-2011, 10:27 AM
04-17-2011, 10:45 AM
7.CC
Glycolysis
the drug is isolated within the cytoplasm, means it does not enter inside membrane bound organelles.Everything else is happening inside the membrane bound organelles and Transcription factor binding inside the nucleus ,Only Glycolysis in cytoplasm (cytosole).
answer is posted by Sarim
Glycolysis
the drug is isolated within the cytoplasm, means it does not enter inside membrane bound organelles.Everything else is happening inside the membrane bound organelles and Transcription factor binding inside the nucleus ,Only Glycolysis in cytoplasm (cytosole).
answer is posted by Sarim
04-17-2011, 12:01 PM
8.EE
HAVe 1 M&M......FA 2009 pg226 G protein-linked secound massenger.
9.BB
There are seven kinds of morphologic patterns of necrosis, and they are :
1) gummatous,
2) fibrinoid necrosis,
3) coagulative necrosis,
4) hemorrhagic,
5) caseous necrosis,
6) fatty necrosis,
7) liquefactive necrosis.
Gummatous necrosis is relative only to spirochaetal infections.
Fibrinoid necrosis is the result of vascular damage to the immune system. Protein material is deposited in the walls of arteries.
Coagulative necrosis occurs only in hypoxic environments.
Hemorrhagic necrosis occurs if there is a block in the venous drainage of an organ of the body.
Caseous necrosis is a type of coagulation necrosis that is caused by fungus or bacteria.
Fatty necrosis occurs from lipases in fatty tissues.
Liquefactive necrosis is related to the destruction of cells and the formation of pus, fungus infections, or a lack of blood to the brain.
HAVe 1 M&M......FA 2009 pg226 G protein-linked secound massenger.
9.BB
There are seven kinds of morphologic patterns of necrosis, and they are :
1) gummatous,
2) fibrinoid necrosis,
3) coagulative necrosis,
4) hemorrhagic,
5) caseous necrosis,
6) fatty necrosis,
7) liquefactive necrosis.
Gummatous necrosis is relative only to spirochaetal infections.
Fibrinoid necrosis is the result of vascular damage to the immune system. Protein material is deposited in the walls of arteries.
Coagulative necrosis occurs only in hypoxic environments.
Hemorrhagic necrosis occurs if there is a block in the venous drainage of an organ of the body.
Caseous necrosis is a type of coagulation necrosis that is caused by fungus or bacteria.
Fatty necrosis occurs from lipases in fatty tissues.
Liquefactive necrosis is related to the destruction of cells and the formation of pus, fungus infections, or a lack of blood to the brain.
04-17-2011, 02:42 PM
10.DD
11.CC
look at the "Son with CF"
look at his Genetic markers starting with "I"
"I"-----he got (1,2)-- which he recieved one allele from father(1) and one from mother(2)
since the stem is asking for alleles on father chromosome, so that leave us with with choice B and C. Now repeat the same thing as above for next alleles.
"II"-----4,4
"III"----3,3 ( at this point u can decide for choice C, as in choice B it mentions allele III9)
answer is posted by Sarim
12.FF
Vaccination is an absolute protection against smallpox for a certain length of time.
13.EE
11.CC
look at the "Son with CF"
look at his Genetic markers starting with "I"
"I"-----he got (1,2)-- which he recieved one allele from father(1) and one from mother(2)
since the stem is asking for alleles on father chromosome, so that leave us with with choice B and C. Now repeat the same thing as above for next alleles.
"II"-----4,4
"III"----3,3 ( at this point u can decide for choice C, as in choice B it mentions allele III9)
answer is posted by Sarim
12.FF
Vaccination is an absolute protection against smallpox for a certain length of time.
13.EE