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+--- Thread: good for those whos exam is near - rizowana (/showthread.php?tid=340380)
0 - ArchivalUser - 09-25-2008
my exam experience
#319953
hamzeh - 07/18/08 03:34
heloow buddies..
Thanks god am done of the exam...
my exam was a couple of days ago...
well i went to the prometric center at 7 :50 am started the exam 8:05...skipped the tutorial
then the first block....was surprising ly easy but surprised to see lots of biostatistics!!
Second block was also easy but here comes lots of anatomy
now the hard time begin..i have seen about 9 Qs like what the hell is talking about?
4th block easy and also the 5th
6th block lots of clueless wiered cell&mol biology.
the last block was the hardest one
Although its hard to tell about breakdown of subject percentage ican tell the following:
1-pure pathology with mostly Qs like what is the diagnosis?_____--30%
2-Pathophysiology,physiology 20%
3-pharmacology 15%
4-micro,immune,bio,hopeless cell and molecular,NEUROANATOMY(BIG TIME),anatomy,10 Qs embryo
doing step ck before helped me alot especially in pathology
in summary:guess what i found first aid is enough for the exam(by the way i used 2005 edt)
any question is welcomed
0 - ArchivalUser - 09-26-2008
* motivate urself..good for everyone :-)
#291074
2confused2bdoctor - 04/08/08 13:57
People often say that motivation doesn't last. Well, neither does bathing - that's why we recommend it daily.
~Zig
Twenty years from now you will be more disappointed by the things that you didn't do than by the ones you did do. So throw off the bowlines. Sail away from the safe harbor. Catch the trade winds in your sails. Explore. Dream. Discover
~Mark Twain
Take the first step in faith. You don't have to see the whole staircase, just take the first step.
~ Dr.MLK Jr.
If you don't go after what you want, you'll never have it. If you don't ask, the answer is always no. If you don't step forward, you're always in the same place.
~Nora Roberts
2confused2bdoctor - 04/10/08 13:42
Happy are those who dream dreams and are ready to pay the price to make them come true.
~Leon
The only way of finding the limits of the possible is by going beyond them into the impossible.
~Arthur C. Clarke
It was a high counsel that I once heard given to a young person, "Always do what you are afraid to do."
~Ralph Waldo Emerson
2confused2bdoctor - 04/22/08 13:54
There's nothing to fear --- you're as good as the best,
As strong as the mightiest, too.
You can win in every battle or test;
For there's no one just like you.
There's only one you in the world today;
So nobody else, you see,
Can do your work in as fine a way:
You're the only you there'll be !
So face the world, and all life is yours
To conquer and love and live:
And you'll find the happiness that endures
In just the measure you give;
There's nothing too good for you to possess,
Nor heights where you cannot go:
Your power is more than belief or guess ---
It is something you have to know.
There is nothing to fear --- you can and you will.
For you are the invincible you.
Set your foot on the highest hill ---
There's nothing you cannot do.
~Author Unknown
#1290906
2confused2bdoctor - 04/28/08 10:56
Life is 10% what happens to us and 90% how we react to it.
~Dennis P. Kimbro
Sometimes your joy is the source of your smile, but sometimes your smile can be the source of your joy.
~Thich Nhat Hahn
0 - ArchivalUser - 09-26-2008
Immunology
Innate immunity- most primitive- cytokines, phagocytes, and complement; barriers to infection (skin, mucous membranes, pH, temp), inflammation (acute phase proteins, complement, phagocytic cells)
Adaptive immunity- LYMPHOCYTES, phagocytes, cytokines, Ab, and complement
¢ Active- convalescence and vaccine
¢ Passive- transplacental and serum therapy
¢ Humoral- Ab and complement
¢ Cellular- lymphocytes, cytokines and phagocytes
Memory response- if exposed again much greater immune response- controlled by lymphocytes
3 phases of Adaptive immunity
¢ Cognitive phase- recognition
¢ Activation phase- proliferation and differentiation of lymphocytes
¢ Effector phase- memory, elimination of Ag (phagocytes and complement)
Acute phase proteins- induced by stress for inflammation and healing (C-reactive protein, serum amyloid)
Complement- activation by immune complexes for immune regulation (over 20 proteins)
Cytokines- all cells in the body to regulate immune and other responses (interleukins and interferons, TNF
Ab- produced by B cells and plasma cells IgM,A,G,E,D
Clonal selection- lymphocytes, but not all T and B cells respond to the same Ag, each clone responds to only one Ag determinant
¢ Clones against self are deleted or suppressed for the most part
¢ Get autoimmunity if those cells are not suppressed
¢ Get quicker response when re-exposed by activation of the clonal cells
Hematopoiesis
¢ Stem cells- blood cells are short lived and continuously renewed from pluripotent stem cells found in the bone marrow;
¢ Memory lasts for a long time but a given lymphocyte does not last for yrs and yrs “ progeny are generated
¢ Under influence of cytokines progenitor cells become a megakaryocyte or granulocyte of some kind
¢ IL-7 important in B cell development
¢ Megakaryocyte makes platelets
¢ Colony forming units can produce- rbc™s, basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils, or monocytes
T lymphocytes
¢ TCR- T cell receptor- binds Ag to T cell
o TCRa/b receptor- blood, spleen, lymph nodes, CD4, CD8,
o TCR g/d receptor- mucosal surfaces, CD8
¢ Subtypes and surface markers:
o Th- CD4
o Tc- CD8
o Ts- CD4 and CD8
o NK- CD16 (no TCR)
¢ Surface markers- proteins functioning as receptors/ligands
o Common to all T cells- CD3, TCR, CD2, CD28, CD5, and CD7
¢ CD4 has an affinity for MHCII
¢ CD8 has an affinity for MHCI
B lymphocyte-
¢ Surface markers- surface immunoglobulin, complement receptors, and Fc receptors
¢ Plasma cells- mature B cells, make bulk of Ab and secretes them into blood (lives for about 1 week)
¢ Markers: HLA-D, CD22, CD19, CD20, Igb, Iga, sIg, CD40, CR1, CR2, CD72, CD5, FcãRII,
Mononuclear phagocytes- large cells, amoeboid, granular, endosomes, and kidney shaped nuclei
¢ Involved in innate immunity (phagocytosis and wound healing) and active immunity (Ag presentation, regulatory cytokines)
¢ Markers: MHCII, Fc receptors (FcãRI, FcãRII, FcãRIII), complement receptors (CR1, CR3)
¢ Releases many enzymes and prostaglandins
Granulocytes- neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils,
¢ Blood is 70% neutrophils, 5% eosinophils, and 1% basophils
Antigen presenting cells- express MHCII
¢ ALL nucleated cells express MHCI
¢ Only APC present MHCII
¢ Langerhans cells in skin, interdigitating cells in thyroid, follicular dendritic cells in neurons, B cells in blood, macrophages in blood
Lymphoid organs
¢ Primary organ- thymus, bone marrow- foster maturation of stem cells; cells mature to T or B cells
¢ Secondary organ- lymph node, spleen; contain mature cells and foster immune response
Thymus- cortex and medulla; macrophages and dendritic cells present self-Ag to differentiating T cells leading to positive and negative selection
¢ Positive selection- selecting cells that respond to non-self
¢ Negative selection- selecting cells that respond to self (at corticomedullary junction)
Bone marrow- contains all cells and cytokines necessary for B cell development
Spleen- filters Ag out of blood and promotes immune response
¢ No spleen- more susceptible to blood-borne infections- esp. Strep. pneumo
¢ Composed of capsule and reticular fiber and cellular framework
¢ Lymphocytes, macrophages, interdigitating cells, follicular dendritic cells, and reticular cells
¢ Red pulp surrounds white pulp which surrounds the central artery and contains the PALS w/ T cells and B cell zones (T cells surround the germinal centers of B cells)
Lymph node- filters Ag from lymph;
¢ Capsule, medulla, cortex; contains lymphocytes and other cells
¢ Cortex- outer region B cells inner region T cells
¢ Medulla- plasma cells
Structure of Ag and Ab
Hapten- small moiety such as DNP that induces immunity only when attached to carrier such as bovine serum albumin (BSA)
¢ B cells recognize hapten
¢ T cells recognize carrier protein
Proteins are best immunogens.
Epitope- chemical group that confers Ag specificity- proteins have more than 1 to engage a variety of clones to increase chance of stimulation of immune response
Need an APC to present non-peptide to T cells
Do not need APC to present non-peptide to B cell
Lipopolysaccharides:
¢ Lipid A- endotoxin- binds to serum proteins and ligates to CD14 which stimulates B cells
¢ O antigen- binds to B cell receptors- if receptor is clone w/ affinity for O Ag
¢ Core polysaccharide
¢ B cells get several signals from a single molecule of LPS- enough to have it develop into plasma cell- independent of T cells
Ig Basic structure: 2 Light and 2 Heavy chains both with variable and constant regions
Ig Properties
¢ 4 IgG subclasses- different heavy chains
¢ sIgA- secretory IgA
¢ IgG- most common
¢ 3 subclasses of IgA
Isotype- gene product that every member of a species has
Allotype- gene products that vary among individuals
Idiotype- unique gene products for each individual
H chain- 3 C regions and 1 V region
L chain- 1 C and 1 V region
Ag binds to V region- 2 binding sites (bivalent)
Fab- Ag binding region (V regions of H and L chains)
Fc- terminal piece (most glycosylation sites)
J chain- helps link 5 subunits of IgM together to form pentamer
IgM can bind 10 Ag.
Only 1 IgM pentamer is needed to activate complement since 2 Fc receptors are close to each other.
IgA also has a J chain
Secretory piece- helps protect IgA from proteolytic digestion in secretion
COMPLEMENT:
Complement is involved in cytolysis, Opsonization, and inflammation, enhancement of humoral response, and clearance
Inappropriate firing of complement system can lead to shock like state.
Insufficiency of complement can cause more susceptibility to bacteria and have immune complexes that are not cleared.
Classical system- starts with Ab/Ag complex
¢ C3b critical to both classical and alternative pathways
¢ C5 splitting- entering MAC complex (C5b, C6, C7, C8, C9)- cascading is now creating small holes in bacterial cell walls to cause cell lysis
¢ See pg 69 bottom slide
¢ C3a, C4a, and C5a
o Smooth muscle contraction
o Increased vascular permeability
o C3a and C5a- degranulation of eosinophils, and platelet aggregation
¢ When there is a classical pathways deficiency (C1q, C1r, C1s, C4, C2) can™t have cell lysis and also have problems clearing immune complexes leading to autoimmunity, vasculitis, etc
¢ Short lasting for fine control
¢ Receptors : CR1, CR2, CR3, CR4
¢ Specific factors- regulatory factors that have very specific actions in limiting the complement system
o CCP and DAF inhibit C3 convertase
o MCP- regulated C4b
¢ Missing MAC complex can™t undergo Opsonization but can have inflammatory cells brought in
Alternative system- no Ab needed
¢ C3b can start alternative system on bacterial cells
¢ C3b can enter the self-amplification loop
¢ Tickover- C3 hydrolyzed into C3a and C3b
Complement Deficiencies:
¢ Early components- absent
o Immune complex disease - increased incidence
o Pyogenic infections when missing C1, C4, C2“ increased incidence-
¢ Late components
o Neisseria- chronic infections
¢ Regulatory factors missing
o C1H- most common autosomal problem (controls C1)
§ HANE- hereditary angioneurotic edema “ when deficiency in C1H- complement system always firing leading to inflammation
¢ Complement receptors
o LAD- leukocyte adhesion deficiency- inflammatory cells do not enter area since they are missing complement receptor
Ag/Ab Interactions and Functions:
CDR- complementary determining region- has many substitutions- diff aa sequences in CDR determine Ag specificity
Overall affinity for Ag is higher after proliferation of Ab
Each clone has a different specificity for each Ag.
Carboxy end motifs of Ig to activate complement:
¢ 3 aa in 2nd region of IgG found to activate C1q
¢ 3 aa in 3rd region of IgM activates C1q
¢ IgE FcÃ¥RI- can bind between 2nd and 3rd region for immune complex removal
IgD- helps B cell respond to Ag (w/ IgM)
Fc receptors are involved in binding Fc regions of Ab and leading to phagocytosis of the Ab/Ag complex, also for degranulation and allergy response
Transport of IgA- Ab produced on abluminal surface of mucosa and are transported to luminal surface by poly Ig receptor
Ab-based lab testing:
Primary interaction- bivalent Ab and univalent Ag
Secondary interaction- multivalent Ag- lattice formation
Tertiary- involves secondary interaction leading to activation of 3rd component such as complement
Ab tests- ppt, aggultination, complement fixation, EIA, RIA, ELISA, flow cytometry
Cant measure Ag/Ab union kinetically- must measure at equilibrium
Primary union- direct and indirect
Secondary union- ppt- reaches max then decreases (Ab>Ag, Ab=Ag, Ab
0 - ArchivalUser - 09-26-2008
Bacteria and Diseases Quick Study Notes
Gram Positive Cocci
Staphylococcus aureus
Morphology: Gram positive coccus in clusters or grape bunches.
Disease(s): Superficial infections: Boils/Furuncles (abscesses)
Impetigo, Scalded Skin Syndrome (desquamation of epidermis by Exfoliative toxin),
Toxic shock syndrome due to toxin (STSS), Septicemia, Endocarditis, Osteomyelitis.
Food intoxication due to hardiest toxin known. Preformed toxin in contaminated food and left unrefrigerated. Inactivated by boiling food (100 C) for 30 min.
Lab Diagnosis: Catalase Positive, MSA “ fermentation positive (turns medium yellow). 98% pathogenic trains are Coagulase positive. Treatment: Susceptibility test is necessary because of MRSA (Methicillin Resistant S. Aureus strains) high numbers.
Immunity: No sufficient because part of normal flora.
Streptococcus Genus
Genus Morphology: Gram positive coccus in chains. Several important species.
Streptococcus pyogenes
Also known as Lance field Streptococcus Group A. Beta hemolytic colonies.
About 80 strains known.
Diseases: Pharyngitis (Strep throat): throat, pharynx infection. Tenderness, difficulty swallowing, nausea, headache, fever, etc. Diagnosis necessary through culture or Quick Strep test because of autoimmune disease sequellae such as rheumatic fever “ heart or Glomerulonephritis. Only 20 % of infections are Strep Pharyngitis rest are caused by viruses. Direct contact is needed. ASO tests checks for antibody against the Streptolysin O toxin produced by patient. Used to check patient status for Rheumatic fever and/or heart.
Scarlet Fever: Lysogenic Strep strains are involved. Viral toxin (erythrogenic toxin o SPT streptococcal pyrogenic toxin) produces rash in patient. Only one type of toxin. Patient develops immunity to toxin and to specific strain.
Impetigo: same as w/Staphylococcus impetigo. Erysipelas: microorganism invades deeper tissues Cellulitis can develop. Necrotizing fasciitis: virulent strain, many toxins, and enzymes produced. Necrosis of cells of the fascia covering of connective tissue and enters deeper tissues. Debridement of dead tissue necessary.
Lab Diagnosis: Beta hemolytic colonies. Catalase negative. Susceptible to Bacitracin.
Treatment: Penicillin drug of choice.
Immunity: Immunity is developed to specific strain after infection.
Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B Streptococcus)
Morphology: Gram positive cocci, beta hemolytic. Vaginal normal flora.
Diseases: Newborn meningitis, encephalitis, septicemia could be fatal. Contamination through birth canal. Baby weak immune system.
Alpha Hemolytic Streptococci (Mouth Normal Flora)
Normal flora of mouth. Pre-existent cardiac conditions such as genetic defects, artificial valves, By-passes, etc. and invasive oral procedures are predisposing factors for Sub acute Endocarditis to happen. Strep. Normal flora invades blood stream and lodges itself in heart producing the condition. Prophylactic therapy necessary before dental work to lower numbers of strep. in mouth.
Streptococcus pneumonia
Morphology: Gram positive coccus. Capsulated strains are virulent.
Disease(s): Lobar pneumonia usually a complication from normal flora due to low immunity or a primary infection. Produces 60-70% of bacterial pneumonias
Otitis media in children.
Lab diagnosis: alpha hemolytic colonies and susceptible to Optochin.
Treatment: susceptibility test
Immunity: Polyvalent vaccine (Artificial Active) several strain™s common antigenic determinant. Pneumovax.
Gram Negative Cocci
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Morphology: Gram Negative Diplococcus. Grows only on Enriched medium such as Thayer-Martin medium (chocolate agar with antibiotics in it).
Capnophile and very susceptible to cold temperatures.
Never store in refrigerator.
Diseases: gonorrhea. STD undiagnosed could lead to sterility. Fimbriae help Neisseria to stick to mucus membranes. IgA protease to break down Abs in membranes. In males: urethritis, painful urination, yellow discharge. Gram neg diplococci intra and extra cellular in gram stain is diagnostic, not in females. Purulent discharge, painful urination, PID (can lead to sterility, ectopic pregnancy) Culture is necessary to diagnose.
Lab Diagnosis: Oxidase Positive. Capnophile (candle jar to increase CO2 conc. And lower O2).
Treatment: PPNG - Pencillinase Producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae a concern. Susceptibility needed.
Neisseria meningitidis
Direct contact through respiratory Aerosols.
Disease: Cerebrospinal meningitis, LPS
Gram stain spinal fluid, blood RPR for capsular
Treatment: PCN G, treatment for shock, intravascular clotting
Meningococcal vaccine group A - all
Meningococcal vaccine group C -2 yrs +
Gram Positive bacilli (rods)
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Morphology: non-spore forming Gram-positive bacilli (rods).
Transmitted through fomites and or resp. secretions
Disease: Diphtheria. A Lysogenic bacterium is responsible for causing myocarditis and Paralysis. Bacteria stay in the throat or nasopharynx, but the toxin goes to circulating blood. A Pseudomembrane made out of clotted fibrin develops in throat can cause asphyxiation. Traqueostomy may be needed.
Highly contagious/Total isolation necessary.
Lab Diagnosis: Loefflers medium. Metachromatic granules are diagnostic on smear stained with Loeffler™s stain.
Treatment: Penicillin & antitoxin (Artificial passive).
Immunity: DPT - mixed vaccine. D for diphtheria toxoid. Patient will develop abs to toxin. (artificial active).
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Morphology: strict aerobe. Stain unevenly w/ Gram Stain. (Gram pos structures w/the addition of Mycolic acid on membrane). Acid Fast stain used to diagnose.
All Mycobacterium species are Acid fast positive (stain bright red).
Disease: Tuberculosis (TB). Tubercle formation is primary lesion. Tubercle is a harden concentration of fibrin, inflammatory cells, microorganisms, etc. walls off the infectious-live microorganisms in the center of it. It can grow inside the phagocytes. Very slow growing. Chronic disease develops in stages: (1) Tubercle formation (caseation)/primary 4-12 wks (2) Latent -dormant stage if patient is healthy if not goes into (3) Active (Secondary) Tubercle enlarges, breaks thru bronchial sac, cough up caseous material (leaves holes in lungs) (4) Extra pulmonary TB - lymph nodes, kidneys, genital tract, brain, meninges.
Lab diagnosis: Egg-potato medium. Very slow growth. Sputum (mucus or expectorate from deep in the lungs) is specimen of choice for pulmonary TB.
Acid- Fast stain.
Treatment: Drug combination used: Rifampin, INH, and/or Ethambutol.
Immunity: BCG - vaccine (Mycobacterium bovis) and skin test PPD (Purified Protein Derivative) to check for previous exposure to mycobacterium.
Spore “ Forming, Gram positive Bacilli (Rods)
Bacillus anthracis
Morphology: Non-motile rods. Central endospores. Polypeptide capsule “ exotoxin.
Many strains strict aerobes only B. anthracis is facultative.
Disease: Anthrax. Two forms of disease.
(1) cutaneous: most common, enters via skin, produces black eschar
(2) pulmonary: inhalation produces toxemia, capillary thrombosis, cardiovascular shock (Wool Sorters Disease-zoonosis).
(3) Gastrointestinal- via eating animal contaminated meat.
Lab Diagnosis: Differential spore staining and metabolic tests.
Treatment: Various drug therapy -treat with Penicillin & Tetracycline, does not lessen the effects of toxemia
Vaccine for livestock- live spores & a toxoid
Vaccine for humans- purified toxoid. Routinely given to military personnel.
Clostridium botulinum
Morphology: Gram positive rods. Strict anaerobe. Spore-forming.
Natural habitat is soil, animal™s gut, etc. found in spore state in presence of O2.
Disease: Botulism. Via contaminated and improperly canned food. Botulin Toxin is the most potent microbial toxin known. Very small amounts are lethal. Blocks Acetylcholine (neurotransmitter) between nerve and muscle synapses. Descending paralysis (head to feet) is classic sign. Death could follow due to cardiac and respiratory arrest. Infant botulism via raw honey because of baby™s immature immunity and not full normal flora.
œFloppy Baby syndrome.
Treatment: pump GI tract & penicillin. To neutralize toxin: A, B, E tri-valent horse antitoxin (antiserum).
Clostridium perfringens
Morphology: Gram-positive rod. Spore former. Strict anaerobe.
Disease(s): Via deep tissue trauma/contaminated with spores from environment.
(1) Gas gangrene - Anaerobic cellulites - Myonecrotizing (2) Food-borne intoxication. (2nd most common) “ Pre-formed Enterotoxin in contaminated food.
Treatment: amputation/debridement of necrotic tissue, Broad-spectrum drugs, and Hyperbaric chamber therapy to kill bacteria in tissues.
Clostridium tetani
Morphology: Terminal endospores. Saprophyte. Soil, animal™s gut. Etc. natural habitat.
Disease: Tetanus or Lock-Jaw. Acquired via accidental puncture wound, surgery, compound fractures, IV drug abuse, illegal abortion, umbilical stump contamination, etc.
Neurotoxin called Tetanospasmin binds spinal neurons blocks release of glycine which inhibits skeletal muscle contractions (keeps opposite muscle relaxed). All muscles contract spasmodically. Strong big muscles could break bones.
Treatment: Penicillin & debridement of necrotic tissue. Tetracycline & Curare (toxin has opposite effect of Tetanospasmin.) DPT - booster 10 yrs.
Immunity: DPT - booster 10 yrs. Toxoid form of Tetanospasmin. (artificial active) and
Anti-toxin (artificial passive) shots.
Gram Negative bacilli (Rods)
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Morphology: Coccobacillus - Strict aerobe, Non-fermenter.
Disease(s): Number one opportunistic organism, capsulated, protease, exotoxins, pigments, etc. Burn Patients at high risk of infection. Common in soil/no flowers in ICU
Pulmonary infections (pneumonia) immuno-compromised patients. Primary skin infections (folliculitis). hot tub rash.
UTI. - Swimmers™ ear from swimming pools. Via invasive procedures/weakened host defenses.
Lab. Diagnosis: Oxidase Positive. Motility/swarming. Aromatic colonies.
Treatment: Kirby-Bauer susceptibility test. Multiple drug resistant strains.
Immunity: Antitoxin (serum). Polyvalent vaccine
Bordetella pertusis
Morphology: True pathogen. Coccobacilli. Gram Negative. Encapsulated.
Disease: Pertusis (Whooping Cough). Contracted Via aerosols (Direct).
Disease Stages: (1) Catarrhal: symptoms 7-10 days after incubation resembles common cold. Lasts 1-2 wks *contagious stage. (2) Paroxysmal: series of coughs followed by paroxysm vomiting, and inhalation (whoooop) exhaustion 2-4 wks. (3) Convalescent: # of paroxysms decrease, complications can appear.
Lab Diagnosis: Cough plate to charcoal media IgG or IgA confirmation
Treatment: (whole) DPT; (acellular) DTap - booster aP. reemerging.
Haemophilus influenzae
Morphology: Gram negative Coccobacillus. Several strains (serotypes), type B (Hib) most virulent, others opportunistic. A-F serotypes, capsulated.
Diseases: Bacterial meningitis, Inner ear infection, Epiglottitis, Sinusitis, lower respiratory tract infections, pneumonia, bronchitis, and bacteremia. Conjunctivitis (pink eye). Transmitted through close contact (nose/ throat /eye discharge). Cerebrospinal fluid plate on choc. Agar or satellite phenomenon on blood agar
Lab Diagnosis: Needs enriched medium like Chocolate agar. On BAP needs a Beta hemolytic organism to release the X and V factors out of the red blood cells. V factor or NAD and X factor or Heme.
Escherichia coli
Morphology: Gram negative rods. Facultative. Rapid Lactose Fermenter.
Strain 0157:H7 highly pathogenic because of powerful Enterotoxins. Other strains part of Human normal flora. Enterotoxigenic and enteroinvasive strains highly pathogenic.
Disease(s): Number one agent of Urinary Tract Infections (endogenous infections).
GI Disease (exogenous strains) (food infection). Usually contaminated food or drinks with fecal material not only human but animal (cattle, etc).
Transmission: exogenous high in tropical regions and poor water chlorination.
- contaminated meat/undercooked.
Lab Diagnosis: rapid lactose fermenter; EMB - metallic sheen; MacConkey “ pink colonies. Indole test (+).
Treatment: Antimicrobial drug susceptibility. Proper cooking. Hygiene.
Immunity: Natural active strain specific.
Shigella dysenteriae
Morphology: Non-coliform Gram negative rod.
Disease: Bacillary Dysentery or Shigellosis. Painful, bloody diarrhea “ Enterotoxin
(shiga toxin) -produces severe diarrhea - endotoxin produces fever. It does not enter blood stream. Stool contains pieces mucous. Fecal-oral route of transmission- Death from dehydration.
Treatment: ORT (Oral Rehydration Therapy) and Ampicillin.
Immunity: No vaccine/little natural active
Salmonella typhi
Morphology: True pathogen Gram Negative rod.
Disease: Typhoid Fever.
- Ulcerations produced in intestinal wall → blood stream → infect any organ (gall bladder, spleen, & bone marrow). If perforation of intestine → death can follow.
Diarrhea leads to loss of electrolytes (Na, K+, Cl-).
Chronic carriers important in transmission. Organism invades Gall bladder, grows, and is released with bile into intestinal contents. Organism is shed in feces all through disease and convalescence stages of infection. Highly contagious through contaminated food or drink from infected person. Isolation. Fomites important.
-Salmonellosis - produced by Salmonella species other than typhi. Fecal-oral route of transmission. Normal flora of birds and amphibians.
Treatment: susceptibility test. Proper cooking, hygiene and patient isolation.
Immunity: Natural active to specific strain.
Yersinia pestis
Morphology: Coccobacilli, capsule, enveloped proteins, coagulase endotoxin, murine toxin
True pathogen.
Diseases: Sylvatic plague - rain-forests by wild animals; Urban plague - roof black rat
*Zoonosis*
(1) Bubonic - lymph nodes incubation 2-8 days; buboes in groin → septicemic plague death w/in 2-4 days - Rat - reservoir → Flea - vector → People - host (Amplifying host → animal to animal
(2) Pneumonic (Black Plague) via aerosols person → person
Treatment: antibiotic tetracycline, streptomycin, and Chloramphenicol.
**quarantine**
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0 - ArchivalUser - 09-26-2008
This is not compiled by me...Got from some where
Retrieving it out from my laptop...Thought of sharing with you all...
1-Legionella infection can be diagnosed using the following
laboratory tests:Specific detection with fluorescein-labeled
antibodies
2-In the diagnosis of Whooping Cough, Bordetella pertussis is most
likely isolated from:a nasopharyngeal swab
3-The pathological hallmark of Legionnaire's disease is:an intra-
alveolar exudate of leukocytes and macrophages
4-Why has there been a re-emergence of whooping cough in this, and
other countries?Some children are not being vaccinated.
5-Inhalation of infected amoebae and ciliated protozoa has led to
outbreaks of:Legionnaire's disease.
6-From the organisms listed below, which one is the MOST frequent
colonizer of endoscopes, respirators and other hospital equipment?
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
1-The following microorganism is Gram-variable (resists
decoloration).Gardnerella
2-A Gram stain prepared from an inoculum of S. aureus is
overdecolorized. After the completion of the Gram stain procedure,
the resulting smear will show:red cocci in clusters
3-The Beta-lactamase test is not needed for:Streptococcus pyogenes
4-The most common source of errors during the Gram stain
procedure:Overdecolorizing with alcohol
5-The typical incubation time needed for colonies of most aerobic and
facultative bacteria to appear on agar plates is:24 hours.
6-The detection of the Ùƒ-lactamase enzyme is primarily valuable in
infections caused by:Hemophilus influenzae
7-A Kirby-Bauer susceptibility test, and a beta-lactamase detection
test are indicated if an organism isolated from an infected wound
turns out to be:Staphylococcus aureus.
8-A positive chromogenic Cefinase test indicates: production of beta-
lactamase.
resistance to Penicillin G.
resistance to Ampicillin.
resistance to Carbenicillin
===
1-The CAMP test is used for the identification of:Streptococcus
agalactiae
2-Which of the following organisms, when isolated in the blood,
requires the synergistic activity of penicillin plus an
aminoglycoside for appropriate therapy?Enterococcus faecalis
3-Which of the following organisms must be treated with combination
therapy (most commonly a cell-wall active antibiotic and an
aminoglycoside) when isolated in multiple blood
cultures:Streptococcus bovis
====
1-Which of the following factors is NOT important for establishment
of meningococcal disease due to Neisseria meningitidis?the production
of siderophores for iron scavenging.
2-Diagnosis of gonorrhea in women relies on:culture of vaginal
exudate on Thayer-Martin media.
3-For Neisseria, generation of variant pilin forms naturally occurs
by:intragenic recombination
4-The human host has difficulty producing humoral antibodies that are
effective against certain antigenic determinants of Neisseria. This
is due to the organism's property of:antigenic variation
5-The serogroup of Neisseria meningitidis most often associated with
epidemics:A
6-Host immunity to Neisseria meningitidis infection is:mediated
primarily by bacteriocidal antibodies
7-For Neisseria, generation of variant pilin forms occurs naturally
by:recombination.
8-The method of choice for identification of Neisseria isolated from
mucosal surfaces other than the conjunctiva and the male urethra
is:culture isolation
9-The same beta-lactamase found in N. gonorrhoeae (gonococci) has
also been found in:E. coli
===
1-Among the Sunday night patients at the Smithville emergency room
were ten young adults suffering from severe diarrhea. All of these
individuals would normally characterize themselves as being in good
health. All reported eating at a local Dairy fair during the weekend.
Of the following bacterial species the least likely to be responsible
is:Shigella flexneri
2-Which of the following tests would not differentiate Vibrio
cholerae non-O1 from Vibrio parahaemolyticus:oxidase activity
3-What is the most common outcome of infection with Helicobacter
pylori?No clinical manifestations
4-Healthy adult travelers visiting Peru are cautioned against eating
uncooked vegetables and unpeeled fruits, and against drinking
unbottled water. However, they are already resistant to cholera
because of:a gastric barrier, due to stomach acids.
5-The microbiologist is aware that the gastroenteritis outbreak is
associated with the consumption of raw seafood at a local restaurant.
She considers it may be due to a number of vibrios EXCEPT:V.
alginolyticus
6-Campylobacter jejuni gastroenteritis is associated with consumption
of contaminated water or foods which include the following :
milk.
chicken
hamburger.
7-Which of the following is true about Helicobacter pylori
amage to the patient's gastric mucosa has been primarily caused by the
patient's own immune response.
8-Which of the following is not true about the bacterium classified
as Vibrio cholerae O antigen group 1 (V. cholerae O1)?It invades the
small intestine
9-Only recently have Campylobacter and Helicobacter been identified
as the causative agents for certain infections. This is because the
clinical laboratories now routinely test for organisms
with:microaerophilic nature.
===
1-14 year old girl gradually became somnolent ,then coma ensued.she
was dehydrated,with rapid respiration and low bicarbonate level with
significant anion gap......diabetic ketoacidosis.
2-35 year old female with history of rheumatoid arthritis suspected
to have reactive systemic amyloidodsis.what is the most probably
affected organ and preferred site for biopsy?the kidney.the sites are
rectal mucosa,gingiva or abdominal pad of fat.
3-32 year old athelete presented with jaundice.no previous liver
disease.investigation showed elevated alkalive phsophatase,no viral
infection and no stones.what is ur presumptive diagnsis and possible
cause?cholestatic jaundice due to methyl testosterone administration.
4-12 year old girl lives in Brazil presented with congestiveheart
failure.examination revealed conjunctival edema,exophthalmos,and
periauricular lymph nodes.what is ur presumptive diagnosis ?chagas
disease
5-6- month infant died with congestive heart failure.no anomalies
detected at birth,no serious infections occured.what is the most
probable genetic disease?pompe disease due to alpha 1,4 glucosidase
diffiency.
6-55 year old man,heavy smoker presented with cough,scanty
nonpurulent sputum,influenza-like symptoms and diarrhea.sputum
culture reavealed a lot of neutrophils,but no organisms.what is the
possible disease?Legionnaire's
7-the mother noticed that the diaper of her baby stained pink.what is
the possible organism and mechanism?UTI caused by serratia which is
lactose fermenter.
8-35 year old woman had an attack of billiary colic.which analgesic
is contraindicated and why?morhine increase intrabilliary pressure
which worsens the pain.
9-the doctor instructs his tuberculous patient to read fine newspaper
print every day as a self exam.what is the drug the patients is
receiving?ethambutol may cause optic neuritis.
10-a pregnant woman presented with symptoms diagnosed as malaria.what
is the appropriate treatment?chloroquine..premaquine is
contraindicated.
=========================================================================
THE MOST COMMON
1-AMI in children:kawasaki
2-aneyrysm in circle of willis:ACA=anterior communicating artery
3-tumor of esophagus:leimyoma
4-tumor of placenta:cavernous hemangioma
5-tumor of spleen:cavernous hemangioma
6-carpal bone dislocation:lunate
7-carpal bone fracture
caphoid8-congenital GI anomaly:meckle's
9-death in alzheimer:pneumonia
10-disc herniation:L4-L5
11-hypertension in young woman:OCPs
12-single gene disorder:thalassemia
13-heart problem with AIDS
ericarditis14-location of GI TB:ileocecal valve
15-site of breast cacer:upper lateral quadrant =60%
16-supratentorial tumor in children:craniopharyngioma
17-cause of hypopituitarism in children:craniopharyngioma
18-site injured in rejected liver:bile ducts
19-brain tumor in age less than 2:choroid plexus papilloma
20-meningitis in renal transplants:listeria
========================================================================
pathology
these words gathered from different readings including question
books.picky words were avoided as possible.
1-intracerebral hemorrhage:hypertension
2-subarachnoid hemorrhage:berry aneurysm.
3-charcot-Butchard aneurysm:hypertension.
4-spongiosis(brain):kuru and creutzfeldt.
5-MPTP toxicity:parkinson's.
6-autophagic granules:atrophy
7-hookworm:iron deffieciency anemia.
8-fish tape worm:megaloblastic anemia.
9-black liver
ubin-Johnson syndrome.10-dissecting aneurysm:hypertension,medial necrosis,marfan syndrome.
11-anti-scl 70
cleroderma.12-anti-ss-B,A
jogren syndrome. 13-anti-nRNP:mixed connective tissue disease.
14-acanthosis nigricans:viceral malignancy.
15-acute leukemia:alkylating agents,benzene.
17-alopecia:hypervitaminosis A,cancer
chemoptherapy,ethionimide,heparin,OCP withdrawal.
18-bitter almond scented breath:cyanide poisoning.
19-bacilliary angiomatosis:Bartonella henselae.
20-bite cells:G6PD defieciency
21-ballerina skirt apperance :infectious mononucleosis.
22-angular atrophy:disuse atrophy.
23-cannon ball secondary deposits:renal cell carcinoma.
24-cobblestone appearance:crohn's.
25-Brodie's abcess:osteomyelitis.
26-blepharoblasts:ependymoma.
27-cytoid bodies:SLE
28-cancer suppressor genes:wt-1,p53,NF-1,APC,DCC.
29-cherry red skin:carbon monoxide poisoning and cyanide poisoning.
30-clonorchis sinensis:cholangiosarcoma.
31-chemotactics:bacterial products,LTB4,C5a,IL-8
32-coproporphyrin increased in urine:lead poisoning.
33-calcium oxalate crystals in kidney:ethylene glycol poisoning.
34-chloroma:AML
35-central hepatic necrosis:chronic passive congestion.
36-bull's eye lesion:LYME disease.
37-bull's necl lymphadenopathy involving cervical L.N:diphtheria.
38-christmas tree pattern skin lesion:pityriasis rosea.
39-claw hand
cleroderma,lower trunk injury(c8,T1),cervical rib. 40-black urine:alkaptunuria.
41-elongated granules:=premelanosomes:melanoma.
42-dense core neurosecretory granules:carcinoid.
43-tonofilaments:SCC
44-changing cardiac murmers:atrial myxoma.
45-cells stained metachromatically:mast cells.
46-cells involved in type 1 and 4 reactions:basophils.
47-guarnieri bodies
mallpox.48-foot and wrist drop:lead posoning.
49-garlic scented breath:acute arsenic poisoning.
50-fried egg appearance:oligodendroglioma,multiple myeloma.
51-Herald patch:pityriasis rosea.
52-ecthyma gangrenosum:psudomonas
53-Dutcher bodies:waldenstrom macroglobulinemia.
54-currant jelly stool:intussuception.
55-Downey cells:infectious mononucleosis.
56-echinocytes:artefact or uremia.
57-electron dense humps
SGN.58-hematoxylin bodies:SLE.
59-criss-cross fibrillary pattern:renal amyloidosis.
60-glitter cells:pyelonephritis.
61-Hirano bodies:Alzheimer's
62-desmoplasia:breast,pancreas ,prostate.
63-HER-2/neu oncogene:breast cancer.
64-fat embolus:fracture..pulmonary stress..petichia..neurologic
manifestations.
65-gas embolus:penetrating chest injury,criminal abortion,caisson's
disease.
66-hairy leukoplakia:EBV-associated in AIDS.
67-gray hepatization:pneumonia 4-5 days(untreated)
68-farmer's lung:hypersensitivity to actinomycetes in mold hay.
69-focal hepatic necrosis:typhoid fever.
70-diffuse hepatic
necrosis:acetaminophen,INH,halothane,phosphrus,CCL4,leptospirosis,
hepatitis viruses.
72-adenocarcinoma of the kidney
CT origin73-HSV encephalitis:temporal and frontal lobes.
74-gum hyperplasia:phenytoin,pregnancy,scurvy,acute monocytic
leukemia.
75-colorectal cancer:left side obstructs,right side bleeds.
76-cigar shaped budding yeast
porothrix schenkii77-H-shaped vertebrae
ickle cell anemia.78-hypocalcemic tumor:medullary thyroid cancer.
79-hypoglycemic tumor:hepatoma,mesothelioma.
80-double barrel aorta on x ray:dissection.
81-flask shaped ulcer:entameba histolytuca.
82-hemorrhgic urticaria:henoch-schonlein.
83-Grave's disease:type 2 hypersensitivity(IgG)
84-Hashimoto's:type 4 hypersensitivity
hutchinson teeth:congenital syphilis
85-low fixed specific gravity:Chronic renal failure
86-HPV 6,11:Chondyloma acuminatum.
87-HPV 16,18:cacer cervix,vulva.
88-lung cancer:cigarettes,nickel,chromium,uranium.
89-liver cancer:aflatoxin B1,alcohol,polyvinylchloride.
90-fever mediators:IL-1,IL-6,TNF-A,prostaglandins.
91-pain mediators:bradykinin,PGE2.
92-loss of eye brows:myxedema,2ry syphilis,lepromatous leprosy.
93-lacunar cells:Hodgkin disease,nodular sclerosis type.
94-leukocytosis:colony stimulating factor.
95-IUD infection:actinomyces.
96-HLA-DR2,DR-3:SLE.
97-HLA-A3:primary hemochromatosis.
98-HLA-BW47:21 hydroxylase defieciency.
99-HLA-DR4:RA
100-HLA-B8:myathenia gravis
101-HIAA:carcinoid syndrome
102-calcitonin:meduallary thyroid cancer.
103-CA-19-9:pancreatic cancer
104-CA-15-3:breast cancer.
105-placental alkaline phosphatase(PLAP)
eminoma.106-infantile cataract:rubella,galactosemia
107-lead pipe sign on x ray:UC
108-Lemon yellow skin colour:pernicious anemia.
109-olivein abdomen:congenital pyloric stenosis
110-pill rolling tremor:parkinson
111-pink eye:adenovirus
112-red diaper
erratia113-shield chest:wide spaced nipples inTurner's
114-malabsorption:pernicious anemia,crohn's,blind loop syndrome,fish
tape worm.
115-Mee's lines:chronic arsenic poisoning.
116-mulberry molars:congenital syphilis
117-Munro's abcesses:psoriasis
118-onion skin apprance:Ewing's sarcoma
119-multinucleated giant cells:neonatal hepatitis,Hodgkin's
disease,granulomatous inflammtion.
120-necrotizing papillitis:phenacitin,DM
121-osteophytes:osteoarthrosis.
122-pappenheimer bodies:after splenectomy.
123-PAS positive macrophages:whiple's disease.
124-peri-neural spread:adenocystic parotid cancer,pancreatic cancer.
125-n-myc amplification:neuroblastoma
126-paradoxical embolus:ASD,pataent foramen ovale
127-polygonal clear cells:RCC
128-morulae in cytoplasm:ehrlichiosis.
129-plasmacytoid lymphocyes:Waldenstrom's
130-red hepatization:pneumonia 1-3 days
131-midzonal hepatic necrosis:yellow fever.
132-slit-like vascular spaces:kaposi sarcoma
133-N-formyl methionine:chemotactic factor
134-myofiber disarray:hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
135-Leser-Trelat sign
eborrhic keratosis,acanthosis nigricans or amyloidosis in patients with GIT malignancy
136-peripheral hepatic necrosis:eclampsia,phosphrus poisoning.
137-ochronosis:alkaptonuria
138-melanosis coli:laxatives abuse
139-micrognathia
IGEORGE SYNDROME 140-musty odor
KU141-Night pain relieved by aspirin:osteoid osteoma
142oligonal band:multiple sclerosis.
143-negative NBT test=nitroblue tetrazolium-yellow color:chronic
granulomatous disease.
144-pseudomyxoma peritonii:mucinous cystadenoma of the ovary,mucocele
of appendix.
145-punctum
ebacious cyst146-rodent ulcer:BCC
147-palisade arrangement nuclei:BCC
148-RCC:early blood spread
149-rb gene inactivation:retionoblastoma
150-saddle embolus:pulmonary artery bifurcation
151-red currant jelly sputum:bronchogenic carcinoma,klebsiell a
pneumonia
152-sabre tibia:congenital syphilis
153-saddle nose:congenital syphilis.lepromatous leprosy
154-Rokitansky Aschoff sinuses:chronic cglecystitis
155-schistocytes:TTP
156-Smoky brown urine:nephritic syndrome
157-pulmonary scars:irregular emphysema,adenocarcinoma.
158-rectangular RBCs:HbSc
159-perifollicular hemorrage:vit C defficeincy
160-snow storm appearance on pelvix x ray:hydatiform mole
161-strawberry gallbladder:cholesterolosis
162-thumb print sign on barium enema:ischemic bowel
163-wrist drop:radial nerve damage;fall onshoulder,birth injury
164-ship builders:asbestosis
165-dry cleaning:CCL4
166-Zaire:ebola,marbug viruses
167-wood workers:Hodgkn's disease
167-sand blasters
ilicosis168-Ashkenazi jews:TAY-saches,Gaucher's,factor 13
169-agent orange:Hodgkins,NHL
170-ACID FAST intranuclear inclusion bodies in the kidney:lead
poisoning
171-anoxic nephrosis
CT 172-Acetophenitiodin:Toxic nephrosis
173-bilateral breast cancer:lobular carcinoma
174-bladder trabeculation:BPH
175-central nuclei in muscles:dystrophy
176-crushed ping pong ball or flying saucers
CP 177-CYSTATHININE synthase defficiency:homocystinuria
178-dew drop on rose petals:chickenpox
179-diaphragmatic pleural plaques:asbestosis
180-gray discolouration of skin:argyria=silver poisoning
181-aseptic necrosis:the bends,sickle cell anemia
182-bat wing appearance on x ray:pulmonary edema
183-black eschars:=malignat pustules:cutaneous anthrax
184-BRCA 1:70% RISK of medullary breast cancer
185-thiamine defieciency:wenicke-korsakoff syndrome
186-split basement membrane:Alport's syndrome
187-spongiosis(skin):acute eczema
188-acanthosis:chronic eczema,psoriasis
189-acantholysis:pemphigus vulgaris
190-spindle shaped cells
pitz nevus191-target fibres:denervation atrophy
192-swan neck:RA
193-tartarate resistant acid phosphatase:hairy cell leukemia
194-t(15:17):acute promyelocytic leukemia
195-silo-filler's lung:nitrogen dioxide from nitrates in corn.
196-toxic nephrosis
CT197-t(11:22):Ewing sarcoma
199-thymidine dimers:xeroderma pigmentosa
200-TSI MORE THAN TGI:GRAVE'S
201-TGI MORE THAN TSI:HASHIMOTO'S
202-WINGED scapula;long thoracicnerve damage(c5,6,7),common with
radical mastectomy
203-target lesion=iris lesion:erythema multiform
204-z-bands:rhabdomyosarcoma
205-wacky,wet ,wobbly:normal pressure hydrocephalus
206-type 1 DM:type 4 hypersensitivity
207-type 2 DM:type 2 hypersensitivity
208-opsonins:fc portion of igG,c3b,collectins.
209-hyalinized affrent arteriole:hypertension
210:hyaloinized affternt and efferent arterioles
M211-vit b6 deffiency:alcoholism,anemia(b6 responsive),anti-TB
(INH),homocystinuria.
212:wilm's tumor:metanephrogenic blastema origin
213-xeroderma pigmentosum
cc,bcc 214-venous stasis:immobilization,CHF,polycythemia,sickle cell
anemia,viceral malignacy ,OCP
215-zebra bodies:NIEMAN PICK DISEASE
216-apple core lesion:left sided colon cancer
217-proximal myopathy
uchenne,polymyositis,dermatomyosistis,Eaton- Lambert syndrome.
218-rickets:craniotabes,HARRISON GROOVE,PIGEON CHEST
219-JOINT MICE:osteoarthritis
220-anti-calcium channel antibodies:EATON-LAMBERT SYNDROME.
=========================================================================
LEPROSY REACTION
Occurs as a result of anti-leprosy treatment
type 1 reactions:
1-occurs with borderline types(BT,BB,BL)
2-neuritis,skin swelling and edema.
3-delayed heyersensitivity.
4-treat with prednisone or clofazimine, but dont stop treatment
type 2 reactions:=erythema nodusum leprosum.
1-occurs with BL AND LL.
2-painful nodualr rash and fever.
3-also neuritis,orchitis,arthritis and lymphadenopathy.
4-immune complex mediated.
5-treat with prednisone and clofazimine,but drug of choice is
thalidomide.
0 - ArchivalUser - 09-26-2008
credit goes to some one else, i am only forwarding some saved notes earlier....
Bence Jones Protein ¢ ¢ multiple myeloma free light chains (either kappa or lambda) ¢ ¢ Waldenstrom™s macroglobinemia
¢ Bilateral breast cancer ¢ Lobular carcinoma
¢ Bilateral renal cell carcinoma ¢ Von Hippel-Lindau
¢ Birbeck Granules ¢ ¢ histiocytosis X (eosinophilic granuloma)
¢ Bladder trabeculation ¢ BPH
¢ Bloody nipple discharge ¢ Intraductal papilloma
¢ Blueberry muffin baby ¢ Rubella
¢ Blue Bloater ¢ ¢ Chronic Bronchitis
¢ Blue Sclera ¢ Osteogenesis imperfecta
¢ Boot-Shaped Heart ¢ ¢ Tetralogy of Fallot
¢ Bouchard™s Nodes ¢ ¢ osteoarthritis (PIP)
¢ Boutonniere™s Deformity ¢ ¢ rheumatoid arthritis
¢ Bronze Diabetes ¢ Hemochromatosis
¢ Brown Tumor ¢ ¢ hyperparathyroidism
¢ Brudzinski sign ¢ meningitis
¢ Brushfield Spots ¢ ¢ Down™s, on iris
¢ Call-Exner Bodies ¢ ¢ granulosa cell tumor
¢ Carbon monoxide poisoning ¢ Hyperemia, edema and necrosis of globus
¢ Cardiomegaly with Apical Atrophy ¢ ¢ Chagas™ Disease
¢ Central Nuclei in Muscle ¢ Muscular dystrophies
¢ Chancre ¢ ¢ 1° Syphilis, painless firm ulcers
¢ Chancroid ¢ ¢ Haemophilus ducreyi, painful soft ulcers
¢ Charcot Triad ¢ ¢ multiple sclerosis (nystagmus, intention tremor, scanning speech)
¢ Charcot-Leyden Crystals ¢ ¢ bronchial asthma
¢ Cherry-red spot on macula ¢ Tay-Sachs, 50% of Niemann-Pick
¢ Cheyne-Stokes Breathing ¢ ¢ cerebral lesion
¢ Chocolate Cysts ¢ ¢ endometriosis
¢ Cholesterol clefts ¢ atherosclerosis
¢ Chordae tendinae short and fused ¢ Rheumatic heart disease
¢ Chronic staph infections ¢ Chronic granulomatous disease, a deficiency of NADPH oxidase, can™t kill catalase positive bugs
¢ Chvostek™s Sign ¢ ¢ Hypocalcemia facial spasm in tetany
¢ Clear nuclei ¢ Thyroid papillary carcinoma (Orphan Annie™s eyes)
¢ Clue Cells ¢ ¢ Gardnerella vaginitis
¢ Codman™s Triangle ¢ ¢ osteosarcoma
¢ Coin Lesions in Lung ¢ Pulmonary Hamartoma
¢ Cold Agglutinins ¢ ¢ Mycoplasma pneumoniae ¢ ¢ infectious mononucleosis
¢ Cold thyroid nodules ¢ Colloid cyst or thyroid adenoma
¢ Concentric laminar intimal fibrosis of small arteries of lung ¢ Primary pulmonary hypertension
¢ pernicious anemia (antibodies to intrinsic factor or parietal cells ® ¯IF ® ¯Vit B12 ® megaloblastic anemia)
¢ Albright™s Syndrome ¢ ¢ polyostotic fibrous dysplasia, precocious puberty, café au lait spots, short stature, young girls
¢ Alport™s Syndrome ¢ ¢ hereditary nephritis with nerve deafness, Type 4 collagen defect (basement membranes)
¢ Alzheimer™s ¢ ¢ progressive dementia; tau proteins, neurofibrillary tangles, apolipoprotein E4 allele, narrow gyri and wide sulci (atrophy), occipital sparing, hydrocephalus ex vacuo, plaques in hippocampus and cortex, ¯ Acetylcholine, Hiramo bodies (inrtacellular inclusion bodies in hippocampal cells)
¢ Argyll-Robertson Pupil ¢ ¢ loss of light reflex constriction (contralateral or bilateral) ¢ ¢ œProstitute™s Eye - accommodates but does not react ¢ ¢ Pathognomonic for 3°Syphilis
¢ Arnold-Chiari Malformation ¢ ¢ cerebellar tonsil herniation
¢ Barrett™s ¢ ¢ columnar metaplasia of lower esophagus ( risk of adenocarcinoma)
¢ Bartter™s Syndrome ¢ ¢ hyperreninemia
¢ Becker™s Muscular Dystrophy ¢ ¢ similar to Duchenne, but less severe (deficiency in dystrophin protein)
¢ Bell™s Palsy ¢ ¢ CNVII palsy (entire face; recall that UMN lesion only affects lower face)
¢ Berger™s Disease ¢ ¢ IgA nephropathy
¢ Bernard-Soulier Disease ¢ ¢ defect in platelet adhesion (abnormally large platelets & lack of platelet-surface glycoprotein)
¢ Berry Aneurysm ¢ ¢ circle of Willis (subarachnoid bleed) ¢ ¢ often associated with ADPKD
¢ Bowen™s Disease ¢ ¢ carcinoma in situ on shaft of penis ( risk of visceral ca)
¢ Briquet™s Syndrome ¢ ¢ somatization disorder ¢ ¢ psychological: multiple physical complaints without physical pathology
¢ Broca™s Aphasia ¢ ¢ Motor Aphasia intact comprehension
¢ Bronchiolitis ¢ RSV
¢ Brown-Sequard ¢ ¢ hemisection of cord (contralateral loss of pain & temp / ipsilateral loss of fine touch, UMN)
¢ Bruton™s Disease ¢ ¢ X-linked agammaglobinemia
¢ Budd-Chiari ¢ ¢ post-hepatic venous thrombosis
¢ Buerger™s Disease ¢ ¢ acute inflammation of small, medium arteries ® painful ischemia ® gangrene
¢ Burkitt™s Lymphoma ¢ ¢ small noncleaved cell lymphoma EBV ¢ ¢ 8:14 translocation
¢ Caisson Disease ¢ ¢ gas emboli
¢ Carpal Tunnel Syndrome ¢ Median nerve entrapment
¢ Chagas™ Disease ¢ ¢ Trypansoma infection sleeping disease, cardiomegaly with apical atrophy, achlasia
¢ Chediak-Higashi Disease ¢ ¢ Phagocyte Deficiency: neutropenia, albinism, cranial & peripheral neuropathy ¢ ¢ repeated infections
¢ Congenital adrenal hyperplasia ¢ 21-hydroxylase deficiency: virilism, no cortisol, salt loss, hypotension ¢ 11-hydroxylase deficiency: virilism, no cortisol, salt retention, hypertension
¢ Conn™s Syndrome ¢ ¢ primary aldosteronism
¢ Cori™s Disease ¢ ¢ glycogen storage disease (debranching enzyme deficiency)
¢ Creutzfeldt-Jakob ¢ ¢ prion infection ® cerebellar & cerebral degeneration
¢ Crigler-Najjar Syndrome ¢ ¢ congenital hyperbilirubinemia (unconjugated) ¢ ¢ glucuronyl transferase deficiency
¢ Crohn™s ¢ ¢ IBD; ileocecum, transmural, skip lesions, lymphocytic infiltrate, granulomas ¢ (contrast to UC: limited to colon, mucosa & submucosa, crypt abscesses, pseudopolyps, colon cancer risk)
¢ Croup ¢ Parainfluenza
¢ Curling™s Ulcer ¢ ¢ acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns
¢ Cushing™s ¢ ¢ Disease: hypercorticism 2° to ACTH from pituitary (basophilic adenoma) ¢ ¢ Syndrome: hypercorticism of all other causes (1° adrenal or ectopic)
¢ Cushing™s Ulcer ¢ ¢ acute gastric ulcer associated with CNS trauma
¢ de Quervain™s Thyroiditis ¢ ¢ self-limiting focal destruction (subacute thyroiditis)
¢ DiGeorge™s Syndrome ¢ ¢ thymic hypoplasia ® T-cell deficiency ¢ ¢ hypoparathyroidism
¢ Down™s Syndrome ¢ ¢ trisomy 21 or translocation
¢ Dressler™s Syndrome ¢ ¢ Post-MI Fibrinous Pericarditis autoimmune
¢ Dubin-Johnson Syndrome ¢ ¢ congenital hyperbilirubinemia (conjugated) ¢ ¢ striking brown-to-black discoloration of the liver
¢ Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy ¢ ¢ deficiency of dystrophin protein ® MD X-linked recessive
¢ Edwards™ Syndrome ¢ ¢ trisomy 18 ¢ ¢ rocker-bottom feet, low ears, heart disease
¢ Ehler™s-Danlos ¢ ¢ defective collagen
¢ Eisenmenger™s Complex ¢ ¢ late cyanotic shunt (R®L) pulmonary HTN & RVH 2° to long-standing VSD, ASD, or PDA
¢ Erb-Duchenne Palsy ¢ ¢ trauma to superior trunk of brachial plexus Waiter™s Tip
¢ Ewing Sarcoma ¢ ¢ undifferentiated round cell tumor of bone
¢ Eyrthroplasia of Queyrat ¢ ¢ carcinoma in situ on glans penis
¢ Fanconi™s Syndrome ¢ ¢ impaired proximal tubular reabsorption 2° to lead poisoning or Tetracycline (glycosuria, hyperphosphaturia, aminoaciduria, systemic acidosis)
¢ Felty™s Syndrome ¢ ¢ rheumatoid arthritis, neutropenia, splenomegaly
¢ Gardner™s Syndrome ¢ ¢ adenomatous polyps of colon plus osteomas & soft tissue tumors
¢ Gaucher™s Disease ¢ ¢ Lysosomal Storage Disease glucocerebrosidase deficiency ¢ ¢ hepatosplenomegaly, femoral head & long bone erosion, anemia ¢ Crinkled tissue paper cells in marrow
¢ Gilbert™s Syndrome ¢ ¢ benign congenital hyperbilirubinemia (unconjugated
GIST ¢ Tumor arising in cells of Cajal (pacemakers of gut)
¢ Glanzmann's Thrombasthenia ¢ ¢ defective glycoproteins on platelets
¢ Goodpasture™s ¢ ¢ autoimmune: ab™s to glomerular & alveolar basement membranes; linear immunofluorescence
¢ Grave™s Disease ¢ ¢ autoimmune hyperthyroidism (TSI)
¢ Guillain-Barre ¢ ¢ idiopathic polyneuritis (ascending muscle weakness & paralysis; usually self-limiting)
¢ Hamman-Rich Syndrome ¢ ¢ idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
¢ Hand-Schuller-Christian ¢ ¢ chronic progressive histiocytosis
¢ Hashimoto™s Thyroiditis ¢ ¢ autoimmune hypothyroidism (antimicrosomal or antithyroglobulin); Hurthle cells, thyroid germinal centers,
¢ Ha****oxicosis ¢ ¢ initial hyperthyroidism in Hashimoto™s Thyroiditis that precedes hypothyroidism
¢ Henoch-Schonlein purpura ¢ ¢ hypersensivity vasculitis ¢ ¢ hemmorhagic urticaria (with fever, arthralgias, GI & renal involvement) ¢ ¢ associated with upper respiratory infections
¢ Hereditary Spherocytosis ¢ RBC cytoskeletin defect, most commonly spectrin
¢ Hirschprung™s Disease ¢ ¢ aganglionic megacolon
¢ Horner™s Syndrome ¢ ¢ ptosis, miosis, anhidrosis (lesion of cervical sympathetic nerves often 2° to a Pancoast tumor)
¢ Huntington™s ¢ ¢ progressive degeneration of caudate nucleus, putamen & frontal cortex; AD
¢ Hunter™s ¢ Decreased iduronosulfate sulfatase
¢ Hurler™s ¢ Decreased alpha-L-iduronidase
¢ Jacksonian Seizures ¢ ¢ epileptic events originating in the primary motor cortex (area 4)
¢ Job™s Syndrome ¢ ¢ immune deficiency: neutrophils fail to respond to chemotactic stimuli
¢ Kaposi Sarcoma ¢ ¢ malignant vascular tumor (HHV8 in homosexual men)
¢ Kartagener™s Syndrome ¢ ¢ immotile cilia 2° to defective dynein arms infection, situs inversus, sterility
¢ Kawasaki Disease ¢ ¢ mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome (lips, oral mucosa)
¢ Keratoconjunctivitis ¢ adenovirus
¢ Klinefelter™s Syndrome ¢ ¢ 47, XXY
¢ Kluver-Bucy ¢ ¢ bilateral lesions of amygdala (hypersexuality; oral behavior)
¢ Krabbe Disease ¢ Beta-galactosidase deficiency
¢ Krukenberg Tumor ¢ ¢ adenocarcinoma with signet-ring cells (typically originating from the stomach) metastases to the ovaries
¢ Laennec™s Cirrhosis ¢ ¢ alcoholic cirrhosis
¢ Lesch-Nyhan ¢ ¢ HGPRT deficiency ¢ ¢ gout, retardation, self-mutilation
¢ Letterer-Siwe ¢ ¢ acute disseminated Langerhans™ cell histiocytosis
¢ Libman-Sacks ¢ ¢ endocarditis with small vegetations on valve leaflets ¢ ¢ associated with SLE
¢ Lou Gehrig™s ¢ ¢ Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis degeneration of upper & lower motor neurons
¢ Mallory-Weis Syndrome ¢ ¢ bleeding from esophagogastric lacerations 2° to wretching (alcoholics)
¢ Marfan™s ¢ ¢ elastin defect, floppy mitral valve, arachnodactyly, cystic medial necrosis, subluxed lens
¢ McArdle™s Disease ¢ ¢ glycogen storage disease (muscle phosphorylase deficiency)
¢ Meckel™s Diverticulum ¢ ¢ rule of 2™s: 2 inches long, 2 feet from the ileocecum, in 2% of the population ¢ ¢ embryonic duct origin; may contain ectopic tissue (gastric, pancreatic, etc.)
¢ Meig™s Syndrome ¢ ¢ Triad: ovarian fibroma, ascites, hydrothorax
¢ Menetrier™s Disease ¢ ¢ giant hypertrophic gastritis (enlarged rugae; plasma protein loss)
¢ Monckeberg™s Arteriosclerosis ¢ ¢ calcification of the media (usually radial & ulnar aa.), pipestem arteries
¢ Munchausen Syndrome ¢ ¢ factitious disorder (consciously creates symptoms, but doesn™t know why)
¢ Meningioma ¢ Arachnoid cap cells, whorls of cells
¢ Mesothelioma ¢ Asbestos exposure
¢ Nelson™s Syndrome ¢ ¢ 1° Adrenal Cushings ® surgical removal of adrenals ® loss of negative feedback to pituitary ® Pituitary Adenoma
¢ Niemann-Pick ¢ ¢ Lysosomal Storage Disease sphingomyelinase deficiency ¢ ¢ œfoamy histiocytes
¢ Osler-Weber-Rendu Syndrome ¢ ¢ Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia
¢ Osteogenesis imperfecta ¢ Type I collagen defect
¢ Paget™s Disease ¢ ¢ abnormal bone architecture (thickened, numerous fractures ® pain) , woven and lamellar bone mosaic
¢ Pancoast Tumor ¢ ¢ bronchogenic tumor with superior sulcus involvement ® Horner™s Syndrome
¢ Parkinson™s ¢ ¢ dopamine depletion in nigrostriatal tracts; Cogwheel rigidity
¢ Peutz-Jegher™s Syndrome ¢ ¢ melanin pigmentation of lips, mouth, hand, genitalia plus hamartomatous polyps of small intestine
¢ Peyronie™s Disease ¢ ¢ subcutaneous fibrosis of dorsum of penis
¢ Pick™s Disease ¢ ¢ progressive dementia similar to Alzheimer™s, knife-edged gyri
¢ Plummer™s Syndrome ¢ ¢ hyperthyroidism, nodular goiter, absence of eye signs (Plummer™s = Grave™s - eye signs)
¢ Plummer-Vinson ¢ ¢ esophageal webs & iron-deficiency anemia, SCCA of esophagus
¢ Pompe™s Disease ¢ ¢ glycogen storage disease (acid maltase deficiency) ® cardiomegaly
¢ Pott™s Disease ¢ ¢ tuberculous osteomyelitis of the vertebrae
¢ Potter™s Complex ¢ ¢ renal agenesis ® oligohydramnios ® hypoplastic lungs, defects in extremities
¢ Raynaud™s ¢ ¢ Disease: recurrent vasospasm in extremities ¢ ¢ Phenomenon: 2° to underlying disease (SLE or scleroderma)
¢ Reiter™s Syndrome ¢ ¢ urethritis, conjunctivitis, arthritis non-infectious (but often follows infections), HLA-B27, polyarticular
¢ Reye™s Syndrome ¢ ¢ microvesicular fatty liver change & encephalopathy ¢ ¢ 2° to aspirin ingestion in children following viral illness
¢ Riedel™s Thyroiditis ¢ ¢ idiopathic fibrous replacement of thyroid
Rotor Syndrome ¢ ¢ congenital hyperbilirubinemia (conjugated) ¢ ¢ similar to Dubin-Johnson, but no discoloration of the liver
¢ Sezary Syndrome ¢ ¢ leukemic form of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (mycosis fungoides)
¢ Shaver™s Disease ¢ ¢ aluminum inhalation ® lung fibrosis
¢ Sheehan™s Syndrome ¢ ¢ postpartum pituitary necrosis
¢ Shy-Drager ¢ ¢ parkinsonism with autonomic dysfunction & orthostatic hypotension
¢ Simmond™s Disease ¢ ¢ pituitary cachexia
¢ Sipple™s Syndrome ¢ ¢ MEN type IIa (pheochromocytoma, thyroid medulla, parathyroid)
¢ Sjogren™s Syndrome ¢ ¢ triad: dry eyes, dry mouth, arthritis risk of B-cell lymphoma
¢ Spitz Nevus ¢ ¢ juvenile melanoma (always benign)
¢ Stein-Leventhal ¢ ¢ polycystic ovary
¢ Stevens-Johnson Syndrome ¢ ¢ erythema multiforme, fever, malaise, mucosal ulceration (often 2° to infection or sulfa drugs)
¢ Struma Ovarii ¢ Thyroid teratoma of ovary
¢ Still™s Disease ¢ ¢ juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (absence of rheumatoid factor)
¢ Takayasu™s arteritis ¢ ¢ aortic arch syndrome ¢ ¢ loss of carotid, radial or ulnar pulses
¢ Tay-Sachs ¢ ¢ gangliosidosis (hexosaminidase A deficiency ® GM2 ganglioside)
¢ Tetralogy of Fallot ¢ ¢ تVSD, Ø«overriding aorta, جpulmonary artery stenosis, Øright ventricular hypertrophy
¢ Tourette™s Syndrome ¢ ¢ involuntary actions, both motor and vocal
¢ Turcot™s Syndrome ¢ ¢ adenomatous polyps of colon plus CNS tumors
¢ Turner™s Syndrome ¢ ¢ 45, XO
¢ Typhoid Fever ¢ Bradycardia and in white people rose spots on abdomen
¢ Vincent™s Infection ¢ ¢ œtrench mouth - acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis
¢ von Gierke™s Disease ¢ ¢ glycogen storage disease (G6Pase deficiency)
¢ von Hippel-Lindau ¢ ¢ hemangioma (or hemangioblastoma) ¢ ¢ adenomas of the viscera, especially renal cell carcinoma ¢ defect in VHL tumor suppressor
¢ von Recklinghausen™s ¢ ¢ neurofibromatosis & café au lait spots & Lisch nodule (iris hamartomas)
¢ von Recklinghausen™s Disease of Bone ¢ ¢ osteitis fibrosa cystica (œbrown tumor) 2° to hyperparathyroidism
¢ von Willebrand™s Disease ¢ ¢ defect in platelet adhesion 2° to deficiency in vWF; increased bleeding time and PTT
¢ Waldenstrom™s macroglobinemia ¢ ¢ proliferation of IgM-producing lymphoid cells
¢ Wallenberg™s Syndrome ¢ ¢ Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery (PICA) thrombosis œMedullary Syndrome ¢ ¢ Ipsilateral: ataxia, facial pain & temp; Contralateral: body pain & temp
¢ Waterhouse-Friderichsen ¢ ¢ catastrophic adrenal insufficiency 2° to hemorrhagic necrosis (eg, DIC) ¢ ¢ often 2° to meningiococcemia
¢ Weber™s Syndrome ¢ ¢ Paramedian Infarct of Midbrain ¢ ¢ Ipsilateral: mydriasis; Contralateral: UMN paralysis (lower face & body)
¢ Wegener™s Granulomatosis ¢ ¢ necrotizing granulomatous vasculitis of paranasal sinuses, lungs, kidneys, etc.
¢ Weil™s Disease ¢ ¢ leptospirosis
¢ Wermer™s Syndrome ¢ ¢ MEN type I (thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal cortex, pancreatic islets, pituitary)
¢ Wernicke™s Aphasia ¢ ¢ Sensory Aphasia impaired comprehension
¢ Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome ¢ ¢ thiamine deficiency in alcoholics; bilateral mamillary bodies (confusion, ataxia, ophthalmoplegia)
¢ Whipple™s Disease ¢ ¢ malabsorption syndrome (with bacteria-laden macrophages) & polyarthritis
¢ Wilson™s Disease ¢ ¢ hepatolenticular degeneration (copper accumulation & decrease in ceruloplasmin)
¢ Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome ¢ ¢ immunodeficiency: combined B- &T-cell deficiency (thrombocytopenia & eczema)
¢ Wolff-Chaikoff Effect ¢ ¢ high iodine level (-)™s thyroid hormone synthesis
¢ Zenker™s Diverticulum ¢ ¢ esophageal; cricopharyngeal muscles above UES
¢ Zollinger-Ellison ¢ ¢ gastrin-secreting tumor of pancreas (or intestine) ® acid ® intractable ulcers
Bloody Mary
Adhesive arachnoiditis ¢ Caused by bacterial meningitis, leads to obstructive hydrocephalus
¢ Albumino-Cytologic Dissociation ¢ ¢ Guillain-Barre (markedly increased protein in CSF with only modest increase in cell count)
¢ AFP increase ¢ Neural tube defects, hepatocellular carcinoma, yolk sac and embryonal carcinoma
¢ AFP decrease ¢ Down™s
¢ Amnion nodosum ¢ Renal agenesis
¢ Amyloid in thyroid ¢ Thyroid medullary carcinoma (calcitonin)
¢ Analgesic abuse ¢ Papillary necrosis, esp. in diabetics
¢ Anasarca ¢ Minimal change disease
¢ Aneurysmal nodules ¢ Polyarteritis nodosa
¢ Angiomyolipoma ¢ Tuberous sclerosis
¢ Anosmia ¢ Kallman™s syndrome
¢ Anterior vermian atrophy ¢ alcoholism
¢ Anti-centromere antibody ¢ Limited scleroderma (CREST)
¢ Anti-DNA topoisomerase antibody ¢ Diffuse scleroderma
¢ Anti-endomysial antibody ¢ Celiac sprue
¢ Anti-jo antibody ¢ polymositis
¢ Anti-mitochondrial antibody ¢ Primary biliary cirrhosis
¢ Antiplatelet Antibodies ¢ ¢ idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura
¢ Anti-sacharommyces cervisiae antibody ¢ Crohn™s
¢ Anti-Smith antibodies ¢ Specific for SLE, anti-ribonulceoprotein
¢ Anti-smooth muscle antibody ¢ Autoimmune hepatitis type I
¢ Arachnodactyly ¢ ¢ Marfan™s
¢ Aschoff Bodies ¢ ¢ rheumatic fever
¢ Ashleaf spots (skin) ¢ Tuberous sclerosis
¢ Atypical lymphocytes ¢ EBV
¢ Auer Rods ¢ ¢ acute promyelocytic leukemia (AML type M3)
¢ Autosplenectomy ¢ ¢ sickle cell anemia
¢ Babinski ¢ ¢ UMN lesion
¢ Bacterial conjuntivitis ¢ S. aureus, strep. pneumo, Hemophilus aegyptius
¢ Basophilic Stippling of RBCs ¢ ¢ lead poisoning
¢ Condyloma Lata ¢ ¢ 2° Syphilis ¢ ¢ new coffee flavor at Bagel & Bagel
¢ Congenital Hepatic Fibrosis ¢ Polycystic Kidney Disease, juvenile autosomal recessive form
¢ Contraction Band Necrosis ¢ MI
¢ Cotton Wool Spots ¢ ¢ HTN
¢ Councilman Bodies ¢ ¢ dying hepatocytes
¢ Crescents In Bowman™s Capsule ¢ ¢ rapidly progressive (crescentic glomerulonephritis)
¢ Crushed ping pong balls ¢ ¢ Pneumocystis carinii
¢ Crypt abscesses ¢ Ulcerative colitis
¢ Currant-Jelly Sputum ¢ ¢ Klebsiella
¢ Curschmann™s Spirals ¢ ¢ bronchial asthma
¢ Cystathioine synthase deficieny ¢ homocystinuria
D-dimers ¢ DIC
¢ Depigmentation Of Substantia Nigra ¢ ¢ Parkinson™s
¢ Dew drop on rose petal ¢ Chicken pox
¢ Diaphragmatic pleural plaques ¢ Asbestosis
¢ Donovan Bodies ¢ ¢ granuloma inguinale (STD)
¢ Double bubble sign on ultrasound ¢ Down™s syndorme - duodenal atresia
¢ Duret Hemorrhages ¢ Uncal herniation
¢ Eburnation ¢ ¢ osteoarthritis (polished, ivory-like appearance of bone)
¢ Eccentric intimal fibrosis with medial hypertrophy ¢ Chronic transplant rejection
¢ Ectopia Lentis ¢ ¢ Marfan™s
¢ Embolizing endocarditis ¢ Infectious, marantic (fibrin deposits in hypercoagulable states)
¢ Erythema Chronicum Migrans ¢ ¢ Lyme Disease
¢ Excavation of Optic Cup ¢ Glaucoma
¢ Exopthalmos ¢ hyperthyroid
¢ FAT RN ¢ TTP (fever, anemia, thrombocytopenia, renal failure, neuro problems)
¢ Fatty Liver ¢ ¢ Alcoholism
¢ Fecalith ¢ Acute appendicitis
¢ False positive VDRL ¢ SLE, Treponema pertenue (non-STD tropical infection)
¢ Ferruginous Bodies ¢ ¢ asbestosis
¢ Fish-mouthed mitral valve ¢ Rheumatic heart disease
¢ Flea-bitten Kidney ¢ Malignant Hypertension
¢ Frontal bossing ¢ Sickle cell anemia
¢ Fungus ball in lung ¢ Apergillus
¢ galactosemia ¢ Galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase deficiency or galactokinase deficiency
¢ Garlic odor on breath ¢ Arsenic (or lasagna)
¢ Ghon Complex ¢ ¢ Tuberculosis, primary
¢ Gold Pneumonia ¢ Lipid pneumonia, exogenous (aspiration) or endogenous (obstruction
¢ Gower™s Maneuver ¢ ¢ Duchenne™s MD use of arms to stand
¢ Gray discoloration of skin ¢ Argyria (silver poisoning)
¢ Hat size increase ¢ Paget™s disease of bone
¢ Heart Failure Cells ¢ CHF; hemosiderin-laden macrophages in lungs
¢ Heberden™s Nodes ¢ ¢ Osteoarthritis (DIP)
¢ Heinz Bodies ¢ ¢ G6PDH Deficiency
¢ Hemarthrosis ¢ Coagulation factor deficiency
¢ Hemorrhagic Temporal Lobe Lesion ¢ HSV
¢ Hemorrhagic Urticaria ¢ ¢ Henoch-Schonlein
¢ Heterophil Antibodies ¢ ¢ infectious mononucleosis (EBV)
¢ Hirano Bodies ¢ ¢ Alzheimer™s
¢ HLA B27 ¢ Ankylosing spondylitis
¢ ochronosis (dark pigment of fibrous tissue) ¢ Alkaptonuria -homogentisic acid oxidase deficiency
¢ Honeycomb lung ¢ Pulmonary fibrosis
¢ Howell Jolley Bodies ¢ Splenectomy, remnant of nuclear DNA
¢ H shaped vertebrae ¢ Sickle cell anemia
¢ Human placental lactogen increase ¢ Placental site trophoblastic tumor
¢ Hyaline thrombi ¢ TTP
¢ Hydrosalpinx ¢ Chronic pelvic inflammatory disease
¢ Hypersegmented PMNs ¢ ¢ Megaloblastic anemia
¢ Hypochromic Microcytic RBCs ¢ ¢ iron-deficiency anemia
¢ IgM against IgG ¢ Rheumatoid arthritis (rheumatoid factor)
¢ ¯ Immunoglobulins ¢ X-linked Brutons agammaglobulinemia, and common variable immunodeficiency
¢ Index finger overlapping 3rd and 4th ¢ Edward™s (Trisomy 18)
¢ Jarisch-Herxheimer Reaction ¢ ¢ Syphilis over-aggressive treatment of an asymptomatic pt. that causes symptoms 2° to rapid lysis
¢ Joint Mice ¢ ¢ osteoarthritis (fractured osteophytes)
¢ Kaussmaul Breathing ¢ ¢ acidosis
¢ Keratin Pearls ¢ ¢ SCCA
¢ Kernig™s sign ¢ meningitis
¢ Keyser-Fleischer Ring ¢ ¢ Wilson™s
¢ Kimmelstiel-Wilson Nodules ¢ ¢ diabetic nephropathy
¢ Koilocytes ¢ ¢ HPV
¢ Koplik Spots ¢ ¢ measles
¢ Lacunar cells ¢ Variant of Reed-Sternberg cell seen in nodular sclerosing Hodgkin™s Disease
¢ Lacunar infarct ¢ Chronic hypertension
Lamellar bodies ¢ Contain surfactant in Type II pneumocytes
¢ Langhans giant cells ¢ Tuberculosis, other including coccidioides
¢ Lemon yellow skin color ¢ Pernicious anemia
¢ Lemon sign ¢ Ultrasonographic finding in Neural Tube Defects
¢ Leukocoria ¢ Retinoblastoma
¢ Lewy Bodies ¢ ¢ Parkinson™s (eosinophilic inclusions in damaged substantia nigra cells)
¢ Leukocyte alk. Phos. Positive ¢ Leukemoid rxn.
¢ Lines of Zahn ¢ ¢ arterial thrombus
¢ Lisch Nodules ¢ ¢ neurofibromatosis (von Recklinhausen™s disease)
¢ Loss of grey-white junction ¢ Tuberous sclerosis
¢ Low set ears ¢ Downs, DiGeorge, Trisomy 18 (Edwards)
¢ Lumpy-Bumpy IF Glomeruli ¢ ¢ poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis
¢ Machine-like murmur ¢ Patent ductus arteriosus
¢ Macronodular cirrhosis ¢ Wilson™s, viral hepatitis, alpha-1-antitrypsin
¢ Malignant pustule ¢ Anthrax (black skin lesion)
¢ Mallory Bodies ¢ Alcoholic liver disease: intermediate filaments of hepatocyte cytoskeleton
¢ Maple syrup/burnt sugar urine ¢ Alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase deficiency; valine, leucine and isoleucine build up (branched)
¢ McBurney™s Sign ¢ ¢ appendicitis (McBurney™s Point is 2/3 of the way from the umbilicus to anterior superior iliac spine)
¢ Meconium ileus ¢ Cystic Fibrosis
¢ Mees lines ¢ Arsenic (parallel lines on fingernails)
¢ Melanosis coli ¢ Laxative abuse
¢ Mental probs. with heart defect ¢ Mitral prolapse
¢ Michealis-Gutmann Bodies ¢ ¢ Malakoplakia, an abnormal tissue response to kidney infection
¢ Microglial nodules ¢ HIV
¢ Micrognathia ¢ DiGeorge
¢ Micronodular cirrhosis ¢ Wilsons, alcoholic, hemochromatosis, primary biliary cirrhosis
¢ Microsatellite instability ¢ HNPCC (right-sided colon cancer), but also possible in other cancers
¢ Mid-systolic click ¢ Mitral prolapse
¢ Monoclonal Antibody Spike ¢ ¢ multiple myeloma this is called the M protein (usually IgG or IgA) ¢ ¢ MGUS
¢ Mousy / musty odor ¢ PKU
¢ Mucosal bleeding ¢ Platelet problem (qualitative or quantitative)
¢ Myxedema ¢ ¢ hypothyroidism
¢ Necrolytic migratory erythema dermatitis ¢ a-cell islet tumor
¢ Negri Bodies and hydrophobia ¢ ¢ rabies
¢ Neuritic Plaques ¢ ¢ Alzheimer™s
¢ Neurofibrillary Tangles ¢ ¢ Alzheimer™s
¢ Night pain relieved by aspirin ¢ Osteoid osteoma
¢ Non-embolizing endocarditis ¢ Rheumatic, Libman-Sacks (with SLE)
¢ Non-pitting Edema ¢ ¢ Myxedema ¢ ¢ Anthrax Toxin
¢ Notching of Ribs ¢ ¢ Coarctation of Aorta
¢ Nutmeg Liver ¢ ¢ CHF, right heart
¢ Onion skin kidney arterioles ¢ Malignant nephrosclerosis (malignant hypertension)
¢ Oligoclonal band ¢ Multiple sclerosis
¢ Osteoid production ¢ osteosarcoma
¢ Painless Jaundice ¢ ¢ pancreatic CA (head)
¢ Palatal Petechaie ¢ Strep pharyngitis
¢ Palpable purpura ¢ Hypersensitivity vasculitis (Henoch-Schonlein, serum sickness)
¢ Pancarditis ¢ Rheumatic fever
¢ Pannus ¢ ¢ rheumatoid arthritis
¢ PAS positive macrophages ¢ Whipple™s disease
¢ Patent ductus arteriosus ¢ Maternal rubella and prematurity
¢ Pautrier™s Microabscesses ¢ ¢ mycosis fungoides (cutaneous T-cell lymphoma)
¢ Periductal edema ¢ Gynecomastia
¢ Periventricular Calcifications ¢ Congenital CMV (brain ventricles, that is)
¢ Phenylalanine hydroxylase deficiency ¢ PKU
¢ Philadelphia Chromosome ¢ ¢ CML
¢ Pick Bodies ¢ ¢ Pick™s Disease
¢ Piecemeal Necrosis ¢ Chronic active hepatitis (periportal hepatocytes)
¢ Plexiform lesions ¢ Pulmonary HTN (aneurysmal expansion of vessel wall)
¢ Pink, foamy lung exudate ¢ Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia
¢ Pink Puffer ¢ ¢ Emphysema Centroacinar - smoking Panacinar - a1-antitrypsin deficiency
¢ Podagra ¢ ¢ gout (MP joint of hallux)
Porcelain gallbladder ¢ Chronic cholecystitis (scarring)
¢ Porcelain gallstones ¢ Associated with gallbladder adenocarcinoma
¢ Port-Wine Stain ¢ ¢ Hemangioma
¢ Posterior Anterior Drawer Sign ¢ ¢ tearing of the ACL
¢ Proliferating bile ducts ¢ Obstructive jaundice
¢ Psammoma Bodies ¢ ¢ Papillary adenocarcinoma of the thyroid ¢ ¢ Serous papillary cystadenocarcinoma of the ovary ¢ ¢ Meningioma ¢ ¢ Mesothelioma
¢ Pseudohypertrophy ¢ ¢ Duchenne muscular dystrophy
¢ Pseudopoyps ¢ Ulcerative colitis
¢ Pulmonary atherosclerosis ¢ Cor pulmonale
¢ Punched-Out Bone Lesions ¢ ¢ multiple myeloma
¢ Punched-out esophageal lesions ¢ herpes
¢ Rash on Palms & Soles ¢ ¢ 2° Syphilis ¢ ¢ RMSF
¢ RBC poikilocytosis ¢ Beta-thalassemia
¢ Rectangular RBC™s ¢ Hemoglobin SC
¢ Red hyalin globules ¢ Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency (in liver)
¢ Red Morning Urine ¢ ¢ paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
¢ Reed-Sternberg Cells ¢ ¢ Hodgkin™s Disease
¢ Reid Index Increased ¢ ¢ chronic bronchitis
¢ Reinke Crystals ¢ ¢ Leydig cell tumor
¢ Rhomboid crystals ¢ Pseudogout
¢ Rim pattern ¢ SLE, staining pattern with anti-double stranded DNA antibodies
¢ Rockerbottom feet ¢ Patau (Trisomy 13), Edward™s (Trisomy 18)
¢ Rose thorns ¢ Sporotrichosis
¢ Rouleaux Formation ¢ ¢ multiple myeloma RBC™s stacked as poker chips
¢ Rugae loss ¢ Pernicious anemia (atrophic gastritis)
¢ S3 Heart Sound ¢ ¢ L®R Shunt (VSD, PDA) ¢ ¢ Mitral Regurg ¢ ¢ LV Failure
¢ S4 Heart Sound ¢ ¢ Pulmonary Stenosis ¢ ¢ Pulmonary HTN
¢ Scalloped colloid ¢ Grave™s disease
¢ Schwartzman Reaction ¢ ¢ Neisseria meningitidis impressive rash with bugs
¢ Shagreen patches ¢ Tuberous sclerosis
¢ Simian Crease ¢ ¢ Down™s
¢ Smith Antigen ¢ ¢ SLE (also anti-dsDNA)
¢ Smudge cells ¢ CLL (delicate cells easily destroyed on peripheral smear)
¢ Soap Bubble on X-Ray ¢ ¢ giant cell tumor of bone
¢ Soldiers plaque ¢ Clinically insignificant remnant of healed pericarditis
¢ Spider telangiectasia ¢ Hyperestrinism: liver faillure, pregnancy
¢ Spike & Dome Glomeruli ¢ ¢ membranous glomerulonephritis
¢ Splinter hemorrhages ¢ Infective endocarditis
¢ Strawberry tongue ¢ Scarlet fever, Kawasaki™s
¢ Strawberry cervix ¢ Trichomonas vaginalis
¢ Strawberry gallbladder ¢ cholesterolosis
¢ String Sign on X-ray ¢ ¢ Crohn™s bowel wall thickening
¢ Sugar icing on spleen ¢ Portal hypertension
¢ Sulfer granules ¢ Collection of actinomyces or nocardia organisms in chronic abscessing bronchopneumonia
¢ Swiss cheese brain ¢ Clostridia (gas forming)
¢ Syncitia ¢ RSV, measles
¢ Tamm-Horsfall protein ¢ Hyaline casts (non-specific)
¢ Target Cells ¢ ¢ Thalassemia
¢ Teardrop RBCs ¢ Myelofibrosis
¢ Temporal lobe encephalitis ¢ Herpes
¢ Tendinous Xanthomas ¢ ¢ Familial Hypercholesterolemia
¢ Tethered cord ¢ Arnold-Chiari malformation (tonsilar herniation)
¢ Tetrahydrobiopterin cofactor def. ¢ PKU
¢ Thymidine dimers ¢ Xeroderma pigmentosum
¢ Thymus, parathyroid agenesis ¢ Digeorge (3rd and 4th pharyngeal pouch)
¢ Thyroidization of Kidney ¢ ¢ chronic pyelonephritis
¢ TIBC increase ¢ Anemia of chronic disease
¢ Tingible Bodies ¢ Macrophage in lymph node germinal centers
¢ Tophi ¢ ¢ gout
¢ Tram-Track Glomeruli ¢ ¢ membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis
¢ Tree bark aorta ¢ Syphilis
0 - ArchivalUser - 09-26-2008
facultative intracellular organisms
yes frank may brush sally list's legs
yersinia
franciscella
mycobacterium tb
brucella
salmonella
listeria
legionella
#2
CApREOcorn from CUBa cant fit an envelope.
RNA viruses
CAlici, Picorna and REo are CUBIC NONENVELOPED RNA viuses
WALK and CAlcium make bones HEP-E(HAPPY)
norwalk-->calicivirus
0 - ArchivalUser - 09-26-2008
Hi there rizwona
As u are done with ur exams u will be in better situation to tell abt dos and don't i really don't like doing dvd and i want to know which dvd's we really need in detail , plz advice
0 - ArchivalUser - 09-29-2008
Hi buddy, dear sister, today is the big day for you as i remember. I wish and pray that you excel in the exam. God bless you. Your efforts and hard work will pay you the best result. And all that you did for forum buddies will help you with lots of prayer support, will see you active in the forum soon then, right? Bye.
"For with God nothing is impossible"
0 - ArchivalUser - 09-29-2008
i took the exam today. even though i am advising everyone to take rest before the night of the exam, i couldnt sleep for a moment. if i screw up the test its because of this. overall the exam is very doable. its kind of mixed, full of easy and tough questions combined. u will see some wheird questions in every block which u cant make head or tail off. i hope those are experimental. in my exam lots of patho and physio from respiratory and cvs. not that much immuno or micro or biochem. i find some anatomy questions mostly from the gross sections.
i had lot of molecular bio and a little biostat. only one calculation, no ecg, only one multimedia. lot of questions from neuro and they are the taughest. most of the time i had to guess regarding neuro. those who are going to take the exam please study patho and physio the most and after that please do neuro. i studied kaplan neuro and still i find some questions are going over my head. if u have time u should check the remembered questions of this thread. i find some of them common even though i only finished 1/3 of this, i wish i finished the whole thread. sply pharma. i didnt have any problem with time management. with every block i had ample time to revise my answers. my overall feelings about the test is i feel ok despite of not sleeping the whole night. i was very tired from the beginning. so everyone u have done a lot for me. lets keep our fingers crossed so that i get a decesnt score and can move on. thanks everyone.