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16.On autopsy, a 50 year old chronic smoker was found to have stratified squamous epithelium in areas of his trachea and bronchi. What is the pathologic process that this can be attributed to:
a) physiologic hyperplasia
b) pathologic hyperplasia
c) hypertrophy
d) metaplasia
e) dysplasia
17.An interleukin that is is involved in proliferation of B cells, and the development of T cells and mast cells.
a) Interleukin 1
b) Interleukin 3
c) Interleukin 4
d) Interleukin 8
e) Interleukin 10
18.The neuron is the functional unit of the nervous system. Humans have about 100 billion neurons in their brain alone! Messages are transported along a neuron via an action potential. This is brought about by
a) An opening of the sodium and potassium channels
b) A closure of the sodium and potassium channels
c) Pumping positive ions from inside the membrane to the outside
d) Releasing neurotransmitters
e) A general reaction to adrenaline release
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ulise 2/3 correct!
16.The correct answer is D
Metaplasia is the replacement of one adult cell type by another cell type. It is an adaptive response to irritation.When there is an enlargement in the individual cell size, the condition is called hypertrophy. The increase in cell size may result in an increase in organ weight. Causes of hypertrophy include excessive hormonal situation and an increase work of the tissue. This is a controlled process.An increase in the number of cells is called hyperplasia. Hyperplasia is divided into physiologic hyperplasia and pathological hyperplasia. Hyperplasia and hypertrophy can occur concurrently.Dysplasia is a deranged or abnormal cellular growth. Dysplastic cells are atypical cells. Stratified squamous epithelium is a normal tissue, thus dysplasia is not the correct answer. Dysplasia in not a cellular adaptation, as are hyperplasia and hypertrophys
17.The correct answer is C
IL-1: secreted by macrophages, induces acute phase reaction
IL-2: secreted by T cells, stimulates growth and differentiation of T cell response. Can be used in immunotherapy to treat cancer.
IL-3: secreted by T cells, stimulates bone marrow stem cells.
IL-4: involved in proliferation of B cells, and the development of T cells and mast cells. Important role in allergic responses.
IL-5: role in stimulation of B cells, eosinophil production, IgA production
IL-6: secreted by macrophages, induces acute phase reaction
IL-7: involved in B, T and NK cell survival, development and homeostasis
IL-8: Neutrophil chemotaxis
IL-9: stimulates mast cells
IL-10: inhibits Th1 cytokine production
IL-11: acute phase protein production
IL-12: NK cell stimulation, Th1 cells induction
IL-13: Stimulates growth and differentiation of B-Cells, inhibits Th1 cells and the production of macrophage inflamatory cytokines
IL-17: Induces production of inflamatory cytokines
IL-18: Induces production of Interferon-Gamma (IFNy)
18.The correct answer is A
Sodium moves inside the cell causing an action potential, the influx of positive sodium ions makes the inside of the membrane more positive than the outside
If the sodium and potassium channels were to close the membrane would not be able to change polarity
Positive ions are pumped from inside the membrane to the outside after the action potential is passed down the neuron restoring the cell to its original potential. Thus pumping positive ions does not cause an action potential
Neurotransmitters are released only at the end of a neuron or axon so that a message can travel across a synaptic cleft
Adrenaline is a hormone produced by the adrenal medulla in mammals. It is secreted by the adrenal medulla in response to low blood glucose, exercise and stress and causes a breakdown of glycogen to glucose in the liver, encourages the release of fatty acids from adipose tissue, causes vasodilation of the small arteries within muscle and increases cardiac output. It does not have anything to do with stimulating an action potential
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ulise 2/3 correct!
16.The correct answer is D
Metaplasia is the replacement of one adult cell type by another cell type. It is an adaptive response to irritation.When there is an enlargement in the individual cell size, the condition is called hypertrophy. The increase in cell size may result in an increase in organ weight. Causes of hypertrophy include excessive hormonal situation and an increase work of the tissue. This is a controlled process.An increase in the number of cells is called hyperplasia. Hyperplasia is divided into physiologic hyperplasia and pathological hyperplasia. Hyperplasia and hypertrophy can occur concurrently.Dysplasia is a deranged or abnormal cellular growth. Dysplastic cells are atypical cells. Stratified squamous epithelium is a normal tissue, thus dysplasia is not the correct answer. Dysplasia in not a cellular adaptation, as are hyperplasia and hypertrophys
17.The correct answer is C
IL-1: secreted by macrophages, induces acute phase reaction
IL-2: secreted by T cells, stimulates growth and differentiation of T cell response. Can be used in immunotherapy to treat cancer.
IL-3: secreted by T cells, stimulates bone marrow stem cells.
IL-4: involved in proliferation of B cells, and the development of T cells and mast cells. Important role in allergic responses.
IL-5: role in stimulation of B cells, eosinophil production, IgA production
IL-6: secreted by macrophages, induces acute phase reaction
IL-7: involved in B, T and NK cell survival, development and homeostasis
IL-8: Neutrophil chemotaxis
IL-9: stimulates mast cells
IL-10: inhibits Th1 cytokine production
IL-11: acute phase protein production
IL-12: NK cell stimulation, Th1 cells induction
IL-13: Stimulates growth and differentiation of B-Cells, inhibits Th1 cells and the production of macrophage inflamatory cytokines
IL-17: Induces production of inflamatory cytokines
IL-18: Induces production of Interferon-Gamma (IFNy)
18.The correct answer is A
Sodium moves inside the cell causing an action potential, the influx of positive sodium ions makes the inside of the membrane more positive than the outside
If the sodium and potassium channels were to close the membrane would not be able to change polarity
Positive ions are pumped from inside the membrane to the outside after the action potential is passed down the neuron restoring the cell to its original potential. Thus pumping positive ions does not cause an action potential
Neurotransmitters are released only at the end of a neuron or axon so that a message can travel across a synaptic cleft
Adrenaline is a hormone produced by the adrenal medulla in mammals. It is secreted by the adrenal medulla in response to low blood glucose, exercise and stress and causes a breakdown of glycogen to glucose in the liver, encourages the release of fatty acids from adipose tissue, causes vasodilation of the small arteries within muscle and increases cardiac output. It does not have anything to do with stimulating an action potential
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Thanks a lot for all QS & explanations singrida.....very good Qs.
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Thanks a lot for all QS & explanations singrida.....very good Qs.
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