quick review - smiles11

[ArchivalUser]

I know is not wow, but it can help out in case u wanna read something quick a couple of days before the exam, G.L.

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USMLE STEP 1 and USMLE STEP 2
Highly tested topics
The Complete Gold Collection
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USMLE E-BOOK This is the GOLD collection of highly tested USMLE Step 1 and
USMLE Step 2 topics listed in tables for easy review. These Â’PEARLSÂ’ will appear on your boards exams!
Diseases
AddisonÂ’s Disease 1. Primary adrenocortical deficiency
Addisonian Anemia 2. Pernicious anemia (antibodies to intrinsic factor or parietal cells → ↓IF → ↓Vit B12 → megaloblastic anemia)
Albright’s Syndrome 3. Polyostotic fibrous dysplasia, precocious puberty, café au lait spots, short stature, young girls
AlportÂ’s Syndrome 4. Hereditary nephritis with nerve deafness
AlzheimerÂ’s 5. Progressive dementia
Argyll-Robertson Pupil 6. Loss of light reflex constriction (contralateral or bilateral)
7. “Prostitute’s Eye” – accommodates but does not react
8. Pathognomonic for 3°Syphilis
9. Lesion pretectal region of superior colliculus
Arnold-Chiari Malformation 10. Cerebellar tonsil herniation through foramen magnum = see thoracolumbar meningomyelocele
Barrett’s 11. Columnar metaplasia of lower esophagus (↑ risk of adenocarcinoma)- constant gastroesophageal reflux
BartterÂ’s Syndrome 12. Hyperreninemia
BeckerÂ’s Muscular Dystrophy 13. Similar to Duchenne, but less severe (mutation, not a deficiency, in dystrophin protein)
BellÂ’s Palsy 14. CNVII palsy (entire face; recall that UMN lesion only affects lower face)
BergerÂ’s Disease 15. IgA nephropathy causing hematuria in kids, usually following infection
Bernard-Soulier Disease 16. Defect in platelet adhesion (abnormally large platelets & lack of platelet-surface glycoprotein)
Berry Aneurysm 17. Circle of Willis (subarachnoid bleed) Anterior Communicating artery
18. Often associated with ADPKD
Bowen’s Disease 19. Carcinoma in situ on shaft of penis (↑ risk of visceral ca) [compare w/ Queyrat]
Brill-Zinsser Disease 20. Recurrences of rickettsia prowazaki up to 50 yrs later
BriquetÂ’s Syndrome 21. Somatization disorder
22. Psychological: multiple physical complaints without physical pathology
BrocaÂ’s Aphasia 23. Motor Aphasia (area 44 & 45) intact comprehension
Brown-Sequard 24. Hemisection of cord (contralateral loss of pain & temp / ipsilateral loss of fine touch, UMN / ipsi loss of consc. Proprio)
Bruton’s Disease 25. X-linked agammaglobinemia (↓ B cells)
Budd-Chiari 26. Post-hepatic venous thrombosis = ab pain; hepatomegaly; ascites; portal HTN; liver failure
Buerger’s Disease 27. Acute inflammation of medium and small arteries of extremities → painful ischemia → gangrene
28. Seen almost exclusively in young and middle-aged men who smoke.
BurkittÂ’s Lymphoma 29. Small noncleaved cell lymphoma EBV
30. 8:14 translocation
31. Seen commonly in jaws, abdomen, retroperitoneal soft tissues
32. Starry sky appearance
Caisson Disease 33. Nitric gas emboli
ChagasÂ’ Disease 34. Trypansoma infection - cardiomegaly with apical atrophy, achlasia
Chediak-Higashi Disease 35. (AR) Phagocyte Deficiency = defect in microtubule polymerization
36. Neutropenia, albinism, cranial & peripheral neuropathy & repeated infections w/ strep & staph
Conn’s Syndrome 37. Primary Aldosteronism: HTN; retain Na+ & H2O; hypokalemia (causing alkalosis); ↓ renin
Cori’s Disease 38. Type III Glycogenosis – Glycogen storage disease (debranching enz: amylo 1,6 glucosidase def. ↑ Glycogen)
Creutzfeldt-Jakob 39. Prion infection → cerebellar & cerebral degeneration
Crigler-Najjar Syndrome 40. Congenital hyperbilirubinemia (unconjugated)
41. Glucuronyl transferase deficiency. Can progress to Kernicterus
42. Less severe form will respond to Phenobarbital therapy
CrohnÂ’s 43. IBD; ileocecum, transmural, skip lesions, cobblestones, lymphocytic infiltrate, granulomas
44. (contrast to UC: limited to colon, mucosa & submucosa, crypt abscesses, pseudopolyps, ↑ colon cancer risk)
45. Clinically: ab pain & diarrhea; fever; malabsorption; fistulae b/t intestinal loops & abd structures
CurlingÂ’s Ulcer 46. Acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns
CushingÂ’s
47. Disease: Hypercorticism 2° to ↑ ACTH from pituitary (basophilic adenoma)
48. Syndrome: hypercorticism of all other causes (1° adrenal or ectopic)
49. - moon face; buffalo hump; purple striae; hirsutism; HTN; hyperglycemia
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CushingÂ’s Ulcer 50. Acute gastric ulcer associated with CNS trauma
de QuervainÂ’s Thyroiditis 51. Self-limiting focal destruction (subacute thyroiditis)
DiGeorgeÂ’s Syndrome 52. Failure of 3rd & 4th pharyngeal pouches formation: Thymus & Parathyroid
53. Thymic hypoplasia → T-cell deficiency
54. Hypoparathyroidism ! Tetany
Down’s Syndrome 55. Trisomy 21 or translocation – Simian Crease
DresslerÂ’s Syndrome 56. Post-MI Fibrinous Pericarditis autoimmune
Dubin-Johnson Syndrome 57. Congenital hyperbilirubinemia (conjugated) = bilirubin transposrt is defective not conjugation
58. Striking brown-to-black discoloration of the liver
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy 59. Deficiency of dystrophin protein → MD X-linked recessive
EdwardsÂ’ Syndrome 60. Trisomy 18
61. Rocker-bottom feet, low ears, small lower jaw, heart disease
EhlerÂ’s-Danlos 62. Defective collagen
Eisenmenger’s Complex 63. Late cyanotic shunt (R→L) pulmonary HTN & RVH 2° to long-standing VSD, ASD, or PDA
Erb-Duchenne Palsy 64. Trauma to superior trunk of brachial plexus WaiterÂ’s Tip
Ewing Sarcoma 65. Malignant undifferentiated round cell tumor of bone in boys <15yoa - t11;22
Eyrthroplasia of Queyrat 66. Carcinoma in situ on glans penis
Fanconi’s Syndrome 67. Impaired proximal tubular reabsorption 2° to lead poisoning or Tetracycline (glycosuria,
hyperphosphaturia, aminoaciduria, systemic acidosis)
FeltyÂ’s Syndrome 68. Rheumatoid arthritis, neutropenia, splenomegaly
GardnerÂ’s Syndrome 69. AD = adenomatous polyps of colon, osteomas & soft tissue tumors
Gaucher’s Disease 70. Lysosomal Storage Disease glucocerebrosidase deficiency – glucocerebroside accumulation
71. Hepatosplenomegaly, femoral head & long bone erosion, anemia
Gilbert’s Syndrome 72. Benign congenital hyperbilirubinemia (unconjugated) = ↓d glucuronyl transferase activity
GlanzmannÂ’s Thrombasthenia 73. Defective glycoproteins on platelets = deficient platelet aggregation
GoodpastureÂ’s 74. Autoimmune: abÂ’s to glomerular & alveolar basement membranes. Seen in men in their 20Â’s
Grave’s Disease 75. Autoimmune hyperthyroidism (TSI): IgG Ab reactive w/ TSH receptors. Low TSH & TRH – High T3 / T4
Guillain-Barre 76. Polyneuritis following viral infection/ autoimmune (ascending muscle weakness & paralysis; usually self-limiting)
Hamman-Rich Syndrome 77. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Can see honey comb lung.
Hand-Schuller-Christian 78. Chronic progressive histiocytosis
HashimotoÂ’s Thyroiditis 79. Autoimmune hypothyroidism. May have transient hyperthyroidism. Low T3 /T4 & High TSH
Hashitoxicosis 80. Initial hyperthyroidism in HashimotoÂ’s Thyroiditis that precedes hypothyroidism
Henoch-Schonlein purpura 81. Hypersensivity vasculitis = allergic purpura. Lesions have the same age.
82. Hemmorhagic urticaria (with fever, arthralgias, GI & renal involvement)
83. Associated with upper respiratory infections
HirschprungÂ’s Disease 84. Aganglionic megacolon
Horner’s Syndrome 85. Ptosis, miosis, anhidrosis (lesion of cervical sympathetic nerves often 2° to a Pancoast tumor)
Huntington’s (Chromosome 4) 86. AD: Progressive degeneration of caudate nucleus, putamen (striatum) & frontal cortex ↓ GABA
Jacksonian Seizures 87. Epileptic events originating in the primary motor cortex (area 4)
JobÂ’s Syndrome 1. Immune deficiency: neutrophils fail to respond to chemotactic stimuli
2. Defective neutrophilic chemotactic response = repeated infections
3. Commonly seen in light-skinned, red-haired girls
88. ↑’d IgE levels
Kaposi Sarcoma 89. Malignant vascular tumor (HHV8 in homosexual men)
Kartagener’s Syndrome 90. Immotile cilia 2° to defective dynein arms infection, situs inversus, sterility
Kawasaki Disease 91. Mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome in kids (acute necrotizing vasculitis of lips, oral mucosa)
KlinefelterÂ’s Syndrome 92. 47, XXY: Long arms, Sterile, Hypogonadism
Kluver-Bucy 93. Bilateral lesions of amygdala (hypersexuality; oral behavior)
Krukenberg Tumor 94. Adenocarcinoma with signet-ring cells (typically originating from the stomach) metastases to
95. the ovaries
LaennecÂ’s Cirrhosis 96. Alcoholic cirrhosis
Lesch-Nyhan 97. HGPRT deficiency
98. Gout, retardation, self-mutilation
Letterer-Siwe 99. Acute disseminated LangerhansÂ’ cell histiocytosis
Libman-Sacks 100. Endocarditis with small vegetations on valve leaflets
101. Associated with SLE
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Lou GehrigÂ’s 102. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis degeneration of upper & lower motor neurons
Mallory-Weis Syndrome 103. Bleeding from esophagogastric lacerations 2° to wretching (alcoholics)
MarfanÂ’s 104. Connective tissue defect: defective Fibrillin gene Dissecting aortic aneurysm, subluxation of lenses
McArdle’s Disease 105. Type V Glycogenosis - Glycogen storage disease (muscle phosphorylase deficiency = ↑ Glycogen)
MeckelÂ’s Diverticulum 106. Rule of 2Â’s: 2 inches long, 2 feet from the ileocecum, in 2% of the population
107. Embryonic duct origin; may have ectopic tissue: gastric/pancreatic remnant of vitteline duct/yolk stalk
Meig’s Syndrome 108. Triad: ovarian fibroma, ascites, hydrothorax – associated w/ fibroma of ovaries
MenetrierÂ’s Disease 109. Giant hypertrophic gastritis (enlarged rugae; plasma protein loss)
MonckebergÂ’s Arteriosclerosis 110. Calcification of the media (usually radial & ulnar aa.)
Munchausen Syndrome 111. Factitious disorder (consciously creates symptoms, but doesnÂ’t know why)
Nelson’s Syndrome 112. 1° Adrenal Cushings → surgical removal of adrenals → loss of negative feedback to pituitary →
Pituitary Adenoma
Niemann-Pick 113. Lysosomal Storage Disease (sphingomyelinase deficiency – sphingomyelin accumulation)
114. “Foamy histiocytes”
Osler-Weber-Rendu Syndrome 115. Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia. Seen in the MormonÂ’s of Utah.
Paget’s Disease 116. Abnormal bone architecture (thickened, numerous fractures → pain)
Pancoast Tumor 117. Bronchogenic tumor with superior sulcus involvement → Horner’s Syndrome
ParkinsonÂ’s 118. Dopamine depletion in nigrostriatal tracts
Peutz-JegherÂ’s Syndrome (AD) 119. Melanin pigmentation of lips, mouth, hand, genitalia + hamartomatous polyps of small intestine
PeyronieÂ’s Disease 120. Subcutaneous fibrosis of dorsum of penis
Pick’s Disease – 2 Different
Diseases -
121. 1. Progressive dementia similar to AlzheimerÂ’s
122. 1. Constrictive pericarditis – sequel to mediastinal tuberculosis
123. Calcium-frosting, unyielding layer – heart chambers may be unable to dilate to receive blood during diastole
PlummerÂ’s Syndrome 124. Hyperthyroidism, nodular goiter, absence of eye signs (PlummerÂ’s = GraveÂ’s - eye signs)
Plummer-Vinson 125. Esophageal webs & iron-deficiency anemia, spoon-shaped nails, ↑ SCCA of esophagus
Pompe’s Disease 126. Type II Glycogenosis – Glycogen storage disease → cardiomegaly (α 1,4 Glucosidase deficiency: ↑ Glycogen)
PottÂ’s Disease 127. Tuberculous osteomyelitis of the vertebrae
Potter’s Complex 128. Renal agenesis → oligohydramnios → hypoplastic lungs, defects in extremities
RaynaudÂ’s 129. Disease: recurrent vasospasm in extremities = seen in young, healthy women
130. Phenomenon: 2° to underlying disease (SLE or scleroderma)
ReiterÂ’s Syndrome 131. Urethritis, conjunctivitis, arthritis non-infectious (but often follows infections), HLA-B27, polyarticular
ReyeÂ’s Syndrome 132. Microvesicular fatty liver change & encephalopathy
133. 2° to aspirin ingestion in children following viral illness, especially VZV
RiedelÂ’s Thyroiditis 134. Idiopathic fibrous replacement of thyroid
Rotor Syndrome 135. Congenital hyperbilirubinemia (conjugated)
136. Similar to Dubin-Johnson, but no discoloration of the liver
Sezary Syndrome 137. Leukemic form of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (mycosis fungoides)
Shaver’s Disease 138. Aluminum inhalation → lung fibrosis
SheehanÂ’s Syndrome 139. Postpartum pituitary necrosis = hemorrhage & shock usually occurred during delivery
Shy-Drager 140. Parkinsonism with autonomic dysfunction & orthostatic hypotension
Simmond’s Disease 141. Pituitary cachexia – can occur from either pituitary tumors or Sheehan’s
SippleÂ’s Syndrome 142. MEN type IIa = pheochromocytoma, thyroid medullary CA, hyperparathyroidism
Sjogren’s Syndrome 143. Triad: dry eyes, dry mouth, arthritis ↑ risk of B-cell lymphoma
Spitz Nevus 144. Juvenile melanoma (always benign)
Stein-Leventhal 145. Polycystic ovary: see amenorrhea; infertility; obesity; hirsutism = ↑↑LH secretion
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome 146. Erythema multiforme, fever, malaise, mucosal ulceration (often 2° to infection = mycoplasma or sulfa drugs)
StillÂ’s Disease 147. Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (absence of rheumatoid factor)
TakayasuÂ’s arteritis 148. Aortic arch syndrome
149. Loss of carotid, radial or ulnar pulses = pulseless disease. Night sweats.
150. Common in young Asian females
Tay-Sachs (AR) 151. Gangliosidosis (hexosaminidase A deficiency → GM2 ganglioside) Cherry Red Spots of the Macula
Tetralogy of Fallot 152. 1.VSD, 2.overriding aorta, 3.pulmonary artery stenosis, 4.right ventricular hypertrophy
TouretteÂ’s Syndrome 153. Involuntary actions, both motor and vocal Txt w/ Pimozide
TurcotÂ’s Syndrome 154. Colon adenomatous polyps plus CNS tumors
TurnerÂ’s Syndrome 155. 45, XO = most common cause of Primary Amenorrhea. No Barr body on buccal smear.
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Vincent’s Infection 156. “Trench mouth” – acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis due to Fusobacterium
Von Gierke’s Disease 157. Type I Glycogenosis – Glycogen storage disease (G6Ptase deficiency) – Glycogen accumulaiton
Von Hippel-Lindau 158. Hemangioma (or hemangioblastoma) = cerebellum, brain stem, & retina
159. Adenomas of the viscera, especially ↑ Renal Cell Carcinoma
160. Chromosome 3p
Von Recklinghausen’s 161. Neurofibromatosis & café au lait spots & Lisch nodules (Chromosome 17)
Von Recklinghausen’s Disease of Bone 162. Osteitis fibrosa cystica (“brown tumor”) 2° to hyperparathyroidism = osteoclastic resorption w/
163. fibrous replacement
Von Willebrand’s Disease (AD) 164. Defect in platelet adhesion 2° to deficiency in vWF. ↑aPPT, ↑ Bleed time
WaldenstromÂ’s macroglobinemia 165. Proliferation of IgM-producing lymphoid cells in men 50-70 yoa; PAS(+) Dutcher bodies
Wallenberg’s Syndrome 166. Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery (PICA) thrombosis “Medullary Syndrome”
167. Ipsilateral: ataxia, facial pain & temp; Contralateral: body pain & temp
Waterhouse-Friderichsen 168. Adrenal insufficiency 2° to DIC
169. DIC 2° to meningiococcemia
WeberÂ’s Syndrome 170. Paramedian Infarct of Midbrain
171. Ipsilateral: mydriasis; Contralateral: UMN paralysis (lower face & body)
WegenerÂ’s Granulomatosis 172. Necrotizing granulomatous vasculitis of paranasal sinuses, lungs, kidneys, etc.
WeilÂ’s Disease 173. Icteric Leptospirosis non-icteric prgresses to renal failure & myocarditis
174. Dark field microscopy for dx
WermerÂ’s Syndrome 175. MEN type I = thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal cortex, pancreatic islets, pituitary
WernickeÂ’s Aphasia 176. Sensory Aphasia impaired comprehension
Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome 177. Thiamine deficiency in alcoholics; bilateral mamillary bodies (mediodorsal nucleua) (confusion, ataxia,
ophthalmoplegia)
WhippleÂ’s Disease 178. Malabsorption syndrome (with bacteria-laden macrophages) & polyarthritis
WilsonÂ’s Disease 179. Hepatolenticular degeneration (copper accumulation [Txt w/ Penicillamine ] & decrease in ceruloplasmin)
180. Mallory Bodies in the Liver & also w/ alcoholic hepatitis & Hyaline change
181. Chromosome 13
Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome 182. Immunodeficiency: combined B- &T-cell deficiency (thrombocytopenia & eczema)
183. ↓ IgM w/ ↑ IgA
Wolff-Chaikoff Effect 184. High iodine level (−)’s thyroid hormone synthesis
ZenkerÂ’s Diverticulum 185. Esophageal; cricopharyngeal muscles above UES
Zollinger-Ellison 186. Gastrin-secreting tumor of pancreas (or intestine) → ↑ acid → recurrent ulcers
RogerÂ’s Disease 187. Interventricular septal defect
Barlow’s Syndrome 188. Floppy vale syndrome – women b/t 20-40 yoa
Bracht-Wachter Lesions 189. Minute abscesses found in subacute bacterial endocarditis
LutembacherÂ’s Syndrome 190. Combination of septum secundum atrial septal defect w/ mitral stenosis
SchmidtÂ’s Syndrome 191. Autoimmnue thyroid Disease (HashimotoÂ’s ) & insulin-dependent diabetes
Hallmark Findings
Albumino-Cytologic Dissociation 192. Guillain-Barre (markedly increased protein in CSF with only modest increase in cell count)
Antiplatelet Antibodies 193. Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura
Arachnodactyly 194. MarfanÂ’s
Aschoff Bodies 195. Rheumatic fever
Auer Rods 196. Acute promyelocytic leukemia (AML type M3)
Autosplenectomy 197. Sickle cell anemia: switch a glu ! val in β chain
198. Low O2 ↑ sickling
199. Aplastic crisis w/ B19 (Parvovirus ssDNA) infection
200. Salmonella osteomyelitis
201. Vaso-occlusive painful crisises
202. Hydroxyurea as Txt (↑ HbF) & Bone marrow transplant
Babinski 203. UMN lesion
Basophilic Stippling of RBCs 204. Lead poisoning
Bence Jones Protein 205. Multiple myeloma free light chains (either kappa or lambda)
206. WaldenstromÂ’s macroglobinemia
Birbeck Granules 207. Histiocytosis X (eosinophilic granuloma)
Blue Bloater 208. Chronic Bronchitis (at least 3 months for at least 2 years of ecessive mucus secretion & chronic
recurrent productive cough)
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Boot-Shaped Heart 209. Tetralogy of Fallot
BouchardÂ’s Nodes 210. Osteoarthritis (Proximal IP joint of the fingers)
BoutonniereÂ’s Deformity 211. Rheumatoid arthritis flex proximal & extend distal IP joints
Brown Tumor 212. Hyperparathyroidism
Brushfield Spots 213. DownÂ’s
Call-Exner Bodies 214. Granulosa cell tumor: associated w/ endometrial hyperplasia & carcinoma
215. Granuloma-Theca cell tumor
Cardiomegaly with Apical Atrophy 216. ChagasÂ’ Disease
Chancre 217. 1° Syphilis
Chancroid 218. Haemophilus ducreyi
Charcot Triad 219. Multiple sclerosis = nystagmus, intention tremor, scanning speech
Charcot-Leyden Crystals 220. Bronchial asthma
Cheyne-Stokes Breathing 221. Cerebral lesion
Chocolate Cysts 222. Endometriosis
ChvostekÂ’s Sign 223. Hypocalcemia facial spasm in tetany
Clue Cells 224. Gardnerella vaginitis
CodmanÂ’s Triangle 225. Osteosarcoma
Cold Agglutinins 226. Mycoplasma pneumoniae
227. Infectious mononucleosis
Condyloma Lata 228. 2° Syphilis
229. New coffee flavor at Bagel & Bagel
Cotton Wool Spots 230. HTN
231. Aka, cytoid bodies seen w/ SLE (yellowish cotton wool fundal lesions)
Councilman Bodies 232. Dying hepatocytes – HepB
Crescents In BowmanÂ’s Capsule 233. Rapidly progressive (crescentic glomerulonephritis)
Currant-Jelly Sputum 234. Klebsiella
CurschmannÂ’s Spirals 235. Bronchial asthma
Depigmentation Of Substantia Nigra 236. ParkinsonÂ’s
Donovan Bodies 237. Granuloma inguinale (STD)
Eburnation 238. Osteoarthritis (polished, ivory-like appearance of bone)
Ectopia Lentis 239. MarfanÂ’s
Erythema Chronicum Migrans 240. Lyme Disease
Fatty Liver 241. Alcoholism
Ferruginous Bodies 242. Asbestosis - & Iron laden
Ghon Focus / Complex 243. Tuberculosis (1° & 2°, respectively)
Glitter Cells 244. Acute Pyelonephritis
GowerÂ’s Maneuver 245. DuchenneÂ’s MD use of arms to stand
HeberdenÂ’s Nodes 246. Osteoarthritis (Distal IP joint of the fingers)
Heinz Bodies 247. G6PDH Deficiency
Heterophil Antibodies 248. Infectious mononucleosis (EBV)
Hirano Bodies 249. AlzheimerÂ’s
Hypersegmented PMNs 250. Megaloblastic anemia
Hypochromic Microcytic RBCs 251. Iron-deficiency anemia or β Thalassemia
Jarisch-Herxheimer Reaction 252. Syphilis over-aggressive treatment of an asymptomatic pt. that causes symptoms 2° to rapid lysis
Joint Mice 253. Osteoarthritis (fractured osteophytes)
Kaussmaul Breathing 254. Acidosis / Diabetic Ketoacidosis
Keratin Pearls 255. Squamous Cell CA of skin Actinic Keratosis is a precursor
Keyser-Fleischer Ring 256. WilsonÂ’s
Kimmelstiel-Wilson Nodules 257. Diabetic nephropathy: Nodular Glomerulosclerosis nodules of mesangial matrix
Koilocytes 258. HPV 6 & 11 (condyloma acuminatum - benign) and HPV 16 & 18 (malignant association)
Koplik Spots 259. Measles
Lewy Bodies 260. ParkinsonÂ’s (eosinophilic inclusions in damaged substantia nigra cells)
Lines of Zahn 261. Arterial thrombus
Lisch Nodules 262. Neurofibromatosis (von RecklinhausenÂ’s disease) = pigmented iris hamartomas
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Lumpy-Bumpy IF Glomeruli 263. Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis – prototype of nephritic syndrome
Mallory Bodies 264. Alcoholic hepatitis
McBurneyÂ’s Sign 265. Appendicitis (McBurneyÂ’s Point is 2/3 of the way from the umbilicus to anterior superior iliac spine)
Michealis-Gutmann Bodies 266. Malakoplakia lesion on bladder due to macros & calcospherites (M-G Bodies): usually due to E. Coli
Monoclonal Antibody Spike 267. Multiple myeloma this is called the M protein (usually IgG or IgA)
268. MGUS
Myxedema 269. Hypothyroidism
Negri Bodies 270. Rabies
Neuritic Plaques 271. AlzheimerÂ’s
Neurofibrillary Tangles 272. AlzheimerÂ’s
Non-pitting Edema 273. Myxedema
274. Anthrax Toxin
Notching of Ribs 275. Coarctation of Aorta
Nutmeg Liver 276. CHF = causing congested liver
Owls Eye Cells 277. CMV
278. Reed Sternburg Cells (Hodkins Lymphoma)
279. Aschoff cells seen w/ Rheumatic Fever
Painless Jaundice 280. Pancreatic CA (head)
Pannus 281. Rheumatoid arthritis, also see morning stiffnes that ↓ w/ joint use, HLA-DR4
PautrierÂ’s Microabscesses 282. Mycosis fungoides (cutaneous T-cell lymphoma), Sezary
Philadelphia Chromosome 283. CML
Pick Bodies 284. PickÂ’s Disease
2 types of COPD 285. Pink Puffer – Type A: Emphysema
286. Blue Bloater – Type B: Bronchitis
287. Emphysema Centroacinar – smoking Panacinar - α1-antitrypsin deficiency
Podagra 288. Gout (MP joint of hallux)
Port-Wine Stain 289. Hemangioma
Posterior Anterior Drawer Sign 290. Tearing of the ACL
Psammoma Bodies 291. Papillary adenocarcinoma of the thyroid
292. Serous papillary cystadenocarcinoma of the ovary
293. Meningioma
294. Mesothelioma
Pseudohypertrophy 295. Seen w/ Duchenne muscular dystrophy @ the claf muscles, due to ↑ fat
Punched-Out Bone Lesions 296. Multiple myeloma
Rash on Palms & Soles 297. 2° Syphilis
298. RMSF
299. Coxsackie virus infection: Hand-Foot-Mouth Disease
Red Morning Urine 300. Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. You would use HamÂ’s test to confirm.
Reed-Sternberg Cells 301. HodgkinÂ’s Disease
Reid Index Increased 302. Chronic bronchitis = ↑d ratio of bronchial gland to bronchial wall thickness
Reinke Crystals 303. Leydig cell tumor
Rouleaux Formation 304. Multiple myeloma RBCÂ’s stacked as poker chips
S3 Heart Sound 305. L→R Shunt (VSD, PDA, ASD)
306. Mitral Regurg
307. LV Failure
S4 Heart Sound 308. Pulmonary Stenosis
309. Pulmonary HTN
Schwartzman Reaction 310. Neisseria meningitidis impressive rash with bugs
Smith Antigen 311. SLE (also anti-dsDNA)
312. Malar Rash, Wire loop kidney lesions, Joint pain, False (+) syphilis test (VDRL)
313. 90% 14-45 yo females
314. also seen w/ use of INH; Procainamide; Hydralazine = SLE-like syndrome
Soap Bubble on X-Ray 315. Giant cell tumor of bone
Spike & Dome Glomeruli 316. Membranous glomerulonephritis = Nephrotic syndrome
317. Spike = basement membrane material & Dome = immune complex deposits (IgG orC3)
String Sign on X-ray 318. CrohnÂ’s bowel wall thickening
Target Cells 319. Thalassemia in α Thalassemia w/ no α gene: Hydrops Fetalis & Intrauterine death associations = HbBarts
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Tendinous Xanthomas 320. Familial Hypercholesterolemia
Thyroidization of Kidney 321. Chronic pyelonephritis
Tophi 322. Gout
Tram-Track Glomeruli 323. Membranoproliferative GN: Nephritic syndrome – basement membrane is duplicated into 2 layers
TrousseauÂ’s Sign 324. Visceral ca, classically pancreatic (migratory thrombophlebitis)
325. Hypocalcemia (carpal spasm)
326. These are two entirely different disease processes and different signs, but they unfortunately have the same
name.
VirchowÂ’s Node 327. Supraclavicular node enlargement by metastatic carcinoma of the stomach
Warthin-Finkeldey Giant Cells 328. Measles
WBC Casts 329. Pyelonephritis
Whipple’s Triad 330. CNS disfunction – Hypoglycemic episodes – glu injection reverses CNS Sympt’s
Wire Loop Glomeruli 331. Lupus nephropathy, type IV (diffuse proliferative form)
↑ AFP in amniotic fluid or mother’s
serum
332. Spina Bifida
333. Anencephaly
↑ Uric Acid 334. Gout
335. Lesch Nyhan
336. Myeloproliferative Disorders
337. Diuretics (Loop & Thiazides)
↓ FEV1/FVC 338. COPD
“Ground Glass” on chest x-ray
(Hyaline)
339. Due to Pneumocystis carinii
340. Seen w/ Atelectasia
Honey Combing of the lung 341. Seen w/ Asbestosis (a restrictive lung disease)
Crescents 342. Goodpastures syndrome (pneumonia w/ hemoptysis & rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis)
Linear Ig Deposits 343. Goodpastures syndrome
45 Degree Branch Points 344. Aspergillosis
PAS(+) Dutcher Bodies 345. Waldenstrom’s Macroglobulinemia = ↑IgM = Hyperviscosity
“Ground Glass” in Abdomen(Hyaline) 346. Seen in the hepatocytes of healthy carriers of HBsAg in liver biopsies
“Signet Ring” Cells 347. Cells that replace the ovaries, due to Krukenberg’s tumor that has metastasized from the
stomach
Ground Glass Appearance (Hyaline) 348. Seen w/ Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy oligodendrocytes
349. Nuclei seen in Papillary CA of the thyroid (malignant)
Congo Red 350. Shows amyloid deposition in plaques & vascular walls
Meningiomas & Progesterone 351. Some meningiomas have Progesterone receptors = rapid growth in pregnancy can occur
Tuberous Sclerosis Triad 352. Seizures; Mental retardation; Leukoderma (congenital facial white spots or macules):
angiofibromas
Cowdry A Inclusions 353. Seen w/ Herpes Simplex Encephalitis – in oligodendroglia
Devic’s Syndrome 354. “Neuromyelitis Optica”
355. A variant of multiple sclerosis: rapid demyelination of the optic nerve & spinal cord w/ paraplegia
c-erb B2 356. Breast Cancer association
Foster-Kennedy Syndrome 357. A tumor causing blindness & loss of smell w/ papilloedema
HoffmanÂ’s Sign 358. Flicking of the middle fingerÂ’s nail
Red Nucleus Destruction 359. Intention tremors of the arm
Ventral Spinocerebellar tr. 360. Unconscious proprioception of lower extremities
Dorsal Spinocerebellar tr. 361. Unconscious prorpioception & fine motor movements
Cuneocerebellar tr. 362. Unconscious proprioception & fine motor movements of upper extremities
Dorsal Column 363. Conscious proprioception of the body
Lateral Spinothalamic tr. 364. Pain & Temperature sensation
Ventral Spinothalamic tr. 365. Light touch perception
SVA 366. Taste & Smell
GSE 367. Muscles of the eye & of the tongue
SSA 368. Vision; Hearing; Equilibrium
GVA 369. Sensation of tongue; soft palate. Carotid Body & Sinus innervation
GVE 370. Edinger Westphal = parasympathetic eye innervation
371. Gland innervation = secretions
Page 9
372. Viscera
GSA 373. Pain & temperature of face
374. Sensation of external ear
SVE 375. Innervation of muscles of masticaiton, facial expressions, larynx & pharynx
LMN Lesion 376. Werndig Hoffman (progressive infantile muscular atrophy)
377. Poliomyelitis
Sensory Pathway Lesion 378. Subacute Combined Degeneration = FriedrichÂ’s Ataxia = B12 deficiency
379. Tabes Dorsalis (Neurosyphilis)
Both UMN & LMN Lesion 380. ALS = Lou GherigÂ’s Disease
Both Sensory & Motor Lesion 381. Brown Sequard
382. Anterior Spinal artery Occlusion
Suprachiasmatic Nucleus 383. Controls circadian rhythm
Ventromedial Nucleus 384. Satiety center. Savage behavior & obesity when lesioned
Lateral Nucleus 385. Induces eating. Starvation when lesioned
Arcuate Nucleus 386. Releases PIF (dopa-ergic neurons)
Mamillary Body 387. Can have hemorrhages as seen in WernickeÂ’s Encephalopathy
Acanthocytes 388. RBSc w/ spiny projections. Seen in Abetalipoproteinemia.
Most CommonÂ…
1o Tumor arising from bone in
adults
389. Osteosarcoma
Adrenal Medullary Tumor –
Adults
390. Pheochromocytoma: 5 P’s: ↑ Pressure; Pain (Headache); Perspiration; Palpitations; Pallor/Diaphoresis
Adrenal Medullary Tumor –
Children
391. Neuroblastoma
Agent of severe viral
encephalitis
392. Herpes simplex
Aggressive lung tumor 393. Small cell or oat cell
Associated with gallstones 394. Adenocarinoma
Bacterial Meningitis – adults 395. Strep pneumoniae & in young adults = Neisseria meningitidis
Bacterial Meningitis – elderly 396. Neisseria meningitidis
Bacterial Meningitis –
newborns
397. E. coli / Group BStrep.
Bacterial Meningitis –
toddlers
398. Hib
Benign epithelial tumor of
oral mucosa
399. Papilloma
Benign fallopian tube tumor 400. Adenomatoid
Benign ovarian tumor 401. Mature(Native) Teratoma = benign dermatoid
Benign tumor of soft tissue 402. Lipoma
Benign tumor of the breast
<25yoa
403. Fibroadenoma
Benign tumor of the liver 404. Hemangioma
Benign tumor of the vulva 405. Hidroadenoma
Benign uterine tumor 406. Leiomyoma: estrogen sinsitive: changes size during pregnancy & menopause
Bone Tumors 407. Metasteses from Breast & Prostate
Brain Tumor – Child 408. Medulloblastoma (cerebellum)
Brain Tumor –Adult 409. Astrocytoma (including Glioblastoma Multiforme) then: mets, meningioma, Schwannoma
Breast Carcinoma 410. Invasive Duct Carcinoma
Breast Mass 411. Fibrocystic Change: premenopausic women (Carcinoma is the most common in post-menopausal women)
Bug in Acute Endocarditis 412. Staph aureus
Bug in debilitated,
hospitalized pneumonia pt
413. Klebsiella
Page 10
Bug in Epiglottitis 414. Hib
Bug in GI Tract 415. Bacteroides (2nd – E. coli)
Bug in IV drug user
bacteremia / pneumonia
416. Staph aureus
Bug in PID 417. N. Gonnorrhoeae
Bug in Subacute Endocarditis 418. Strep Viridans
CA of urinary collecting
system
419. Transitional cell CA (assoc. w/ benzidine; βnaphthylamine; analine dyes; long term txt w/
cyclophosphamide)
Cardiac 1ry Tumor – Adults 420. Myxoma: “Ball Valve”
Cardiac 1ry Tumor – Child 421. Rhabdomyoma – associated w/ Tuberous sclerosis
Cardiac Tumor – Adults 422. Metasteses
Cardiomyopathy 423. Dilated (Congestive) Cardiomyopathy: Alcohol, BeriBeri, Cocaine use, Coxsackie B, Doxorubicin
424. Systolic Dysfunction
Cause of 2ry HTN 425. Renal Disease
Cause of Addison’s 426. Autoimmune (2nd – infection)
Cause of breast lumps 427. CA of the breast
Cause of chronic
endometriosis
428. TB
Cause of Congenital Adrenal
Hyperplasia
429. 21-Hydroxylase Deficiency: NaCl lost & Hypotension (then, 11- NaCl retention & HTN)
Cause of Cushings 430. Exogenous Steroid Therapy (then, 1ry ACTH, Adrenal Adenoma, Ectopic ACTH)
Cause of Death in Alzheimer
pts
431. Pneumonia
Cause of Death in Diabetics 432. MI
Cause of Death in premature 433. NRDS = hyaline membrane disease
Cause of Death in SLE pts. 434. Lupus Nephropathy Type IV (Diffuse Proliferative) = Renal Disease
Cause of Dementia 435. AlzheimerÂ’s
Cause of Dementia (2nd most
common)
436. Multi-Infarct Dementia
Cause of Dwarfism 437. Achondroplasia
Cause of Food poisoning 438. Staph aureus
Cause of Hematosalpynga 439. Ectopic pregnancy
Cause of Hypoparathyroidism 440. Throidectomy
Cause of Hypothyroidism 441. Corrective surgery I31 treatment
Cause of Kidney infections 442. E. coli
Cause of Liver disease in US 443. Alcohol consumption
Cause of Malignancy in
children
444. Acute leukemia
Cause of Mental retardation 445. DownÂ’s
Cause of Mental retardation
(2nd most common)
446. Fragile X
Cause of NaCl loss and
Hypotension
447. 21 hydroxylase deficiency
Cause of PID 448. N. ghonorrhea
Cause of Portal cirrhosis 449. Alcohol
Cause of Preventable
Blindness
450. Chlamydia (serotypes A,B,Ba,C)
Cause of Pulmonary HTN 451. COPD
Cause of Secondary
Hypertension
452. Renal disease
Cause of SIADH 453. Small Cell Carcinoma of the Lung
Cause of UT Obstruction in
men
454. BPHyperplasia
Page 11
Cause Pernicious Anemia 455. Chronic atrophic gastritis = no production of intrinsic factor
Chromosomal Disorder 456. DownÂ’s
Common Tumor of the
Appendix
457. Carcinoid tumor: flushing; diarrhea; bronchospasm; RHeart valvular lesions
458. Txt: Methysergide (5HT antagonist)
Congenital Cardiac Anomaly 459. VSD (membranous > muscular)
Congenital Early Cyanosis 460. Tetralogy of Fallot =right to left shunt
Coronary Artery Thrombosis 461. LAD artery: MI
Demyelinating Disease 462. Multiple Sclerosis: (Charcot Triad = nystagmus, intention tremor, scanning speech)
463. Periventricular plaques w/ ↓ Oligodenrocytes
464. ↑ IgG in CSF, Optic Neuritis, MLF Syndorme = Internuclear Ophthalmoplegia, bladder incontinence
Dental Tumor 465. Odontoma
Dietary Deficiency 466. Iron
Disease of the Breast 467. Fibrocystic disease
Disseminated Opportunistic
Infection in AIDS
468. CMV (Pneumocystis carinii is most common overall)
Esophageal Cancer 469. SCCA
Fallopian Tube Malignancy 470. AdenoCA
Fatal Genetic Defect in
Caucasians
471. Cystic Fibrosis (chromosome 7q)
Female Tumor 472. Leimyoma
Form of Amyloidosis 473. Immunologic (Bence Jones protein in multiple myeloma is also called the Amyloid Light Chain)
Form of Tularemia 474. Ulceroglandular
Germ Cell Tumor of Testes 475. Seminoma (analogous to dysgerminoma of ovaries)
Gynecological Malignancy 476. Endometrial Carcinoma
Gynecological Finding 477. Endometrial CA
Heart Murmur 478. Mitral Valve Prolapse
Heart Valve in Bacterial
Endocarditis
479. Mitral
Heart Valve in Bacterial
Endocarditis in IV drug users
480. Tricuspid
Heart Valve involved in
Rheumatic Fever
481. Mitral then Aortic
Hereditary Bleeding Disorder 482. Von WillebrandÂ’s Disease
Hormone secreted in
Pituitary Adenoma
483. Prolactin
Inherited disease of the
Kidney
484. Adult polycystic kidney disease: associated w/ polycystic liver, Berry aneurysms, Mitral prolapse
485. APD1 – chromosome 16
Intracranial tumor in adults 486. Glioblastoma mulitforme
Islet Tumor 487. Insulinoma = β cell tumor
Liver 1ry Tumor 488. Hepatoma
Liver Disease 489. Alcoholic Liver Disease
Location of Adenocarcinoma
of the Pancreas
490. Head (99%)
Location of Adult Brain
Tumors
491. Above Tentorium
Location of Childhood Brain
Tumors
492. Below Tentorium
Lung Tumor, malignant or
benign
493. Malignant
Lung Tumor, primary or
secondary
494. Secondary
Lysosomal Storage Disease 495. GaucherÂ’s
Malignancy in Women 496. Lung (2nd breast)
Malignancy of the Larynx 497. Glottic CA (squamous cell)
Page 12
Malignancy of the Small
Intestine
498. Adenocarcinoma
Malignancy Vulva 499. Squamous cell CA
Malignant Eye Tumor in Kids 500. Retinoblastoma
Malignant Tumor of the Liver 501. Hepatocellular CA
Motor Neuron Disease 502. ALS
Muscular Dystrophy 503. DuchenneÂ’s: Dystrophin deletion. Presents <5yoa weakness at pelvic girdles w/ upward progression
Nasal Tumor 504. Squamous cell CA
Neoplasm – Child 505. Leukemia
Neoplasm – Child (2nd most
common)
506. Medulloblastoma of brain (cerebellum)
Neoplasm of the West 507. Adeno CA of the rectum and/or colon
Neoplastic Polyp 508. Tubular adenoma
Nephrotic Syndrome in
Adults
509. Membranous Glomerulonephritis
Nephrotic Syndrome in
Children
510. Minimal Change (Lipoid Nephrosis) Disease (responds well to steroid txt)
Non HodgkinÂ’s Lymphoma 511. Follicular small clear cell
Number of Deaths per year in
Women
512. Lung CA
Skin tumor 513. Basal cell CA
Opportunistic infection in
AIDS
514. PCP
Ovarian Malignancy 515. Serous Cystadenocarcinoma
Ovarian Tumor 516. Hamartoma
Pancreatic Tumor 517. Adeno (usually in the head)
Patient with ALL / CLL / AML
/ CML
518. ALL – Child / CLL – Adult over 60 / AML - Adult over 60 / CML – Adult 35-50
Patient with GoodpastureÂ’s 519. Young male
Patient with ReiterÂ’s 520. Male
Pituitary Tumor 521. Prolactinoma (2nd – Somatotropic “Acidophilic” Adenoma)
Place for Primary Squamous
Cell CA of esophagus
522. Mid 1/3
Place for Peptic Ulcer
Disease
523. Lesser curvuture in antrum – associated w/ blood group O
Primary Benign Salivary
Tumor
524. Pleomorphic Adenoma (Mixed) – 90% localized to the parotid
Primary Hyperparathyroidism 525. Adenomas (followed by: hyperplasia, then carcinoma)
Primary Malignancy of Bone 526. Osteosarcoma
Primary Malignancy of Small
Intestine
527. Lymphoma
Pt. with Hodgkin’s 528. Young Male (except Nodular Sclerosis type – Female)
Pt. with Minimal Change
Disease
529. Young Child
Renal Malignancy 530. Renal cell CA
Renal Malignancy of Early
Childhood
531. Wilm’s tumor (neohroblastoma) – chromosome 11p
Salivary Tumor 532. Pleomorphic adenoma
Secondary
Hyperparathyroidism
533. Hypocalcemia of Chronic Renal Failure
Sexually Transmitted
Disease
534. Chlamydia (sero types D-K)
Site of Diverticula 535. Sigmoid Colon
Page 13
Site of Embolic Occlusion 536. Middle cerebral aa: contralateral paralysis; aphasias; motor & sensory loss
Site of Metastasis 537. Regional Lymph Nodes
Site of Metastasis (2nd
most common)
538. Liver
Sites of Atherosclerosis 539. Abdominal aorta > coronary > popliteal > carotid
Skin CA of Fair Skinned
People
540. Malignant melanoma
Skin Cancer 541. Basal Cell Carcinoma
Small Intestine Congenital
Anomaly
542. MeckelÂ’s diverticulum
Stomach Cancer 543. Adeno – associated w/ blood group A
Testicular Tumor 544. Seminoma = malignant painless testes growth
Thyroid Anomaly 545. Thryoglossal duct cyst
Thyroid CA 546. Papillary CA
Tracheoesophageal Fistula 547. Lower esophagus joins trachea / upper esophagus – blind pouch – polyhydramnios association
Tumor in men <20 548. Germ cell tumor
Tumor of Infancy 549. Benign vascular tumor = port wine stain = Hemangioma
Tumor of the Stomach >50
years of age
550. CA of stomach (adeno CA)
Type of HodgkinÂ’s 551. Mixed Cellularity (versus: lymphocytic predominance, lymphocytic depletion, nodular sclerosis)
Type of Non-HodgkinÂ’s 552. Follicular, small cleaved
Type of Portal Cirrhosis 553. Micronodular
Type of Soft Tissue Tumor
of Childhood
554. Rhabdomyosarcoma
Vasculitis (of medium & small
arteries)
555. Temporal Arteritis (branch of Carotid Artery)
Viral Encephalitis 556. HSV
Worm Infection in US 557. Pinworm (2nd – Ascaris)
Worst Prognosis in Thyroid
Cas
558. Follicular CA
Cause of Lobar Pneumonia 559. Strep. Pneumoniae
Cause of Death b/t 24-44 yoa 560. AIDS
Cause of Pneumonia in Cystic
Fibrosis
561. Pseudomonas
Cause of Osteomyelitis in IV
Drug Users
562. Pseudomonas
Cause of Infection in Burn
Pts
563. Pseudomonas
Mental Problem in Males 564. Specific phobia
Intelligence Test 565. Stanford Binet (ages 6 & under)
566. WIPSI (ages 4-6)
567. WISK-R (for ages 6-17)
568. WAIS-R (for > 17 yoa)
Paraphilia 569. Pedophilia
Metabolite seen w/
Pheochromocytoma
570. VMA: vanillylmandelic acid (NE metabolite)
Severe Shigella 571. Dysenteriae
Bug in Otitis Media &
Sinusitis in Kids
572. Strep. Pneumoniae
Cause of a Solitary Brain
Abscess
573. A. Israelli
Cause of Bacterial Diarrhea
in U.S.
574. Campylobacter jejuni
Shigella Type 575. S. Sonnei
Page 14
Cause of Non-Ghonococcal
Urethritis
576. Chlamydia trichomonas
Pneumonia 577. Strep. Pneumoniae
Urethritis 578. N. ghonorrhea
Cause of Glomerulonephritis 579. IgA Nephropathy = BergerÂ’s Disease
Cause of Viral Pneumonia 580. RSV – infants
581. Parainfluenza – kids
582. Influenza virus – adults
583. Adeno virus – military recruits
Complication of COPD 584. Pulmonary infections
Cause of Death w/ SLE 585. Renal failure
Atrial Septal Defect 586. Ostium Secundum Type
Warm Antibody 587. Most common form of immune hemolytic anemia
588. IgG auto antibodies to RBC
589. See spherocytosis; (+) CoombsÂ’ test; complication to CLL
Immunodeficiency 590. IgA Deficiency
Congenital GIT Anomaly 591. MeckelÂ’s Diverticulum: persistence of vitelline duct/yolk sac stalk
Cause of Congenital
Malformation
592. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
Pharmacology
Autonomic Nervous System
Epinephrine 1. α1, α2, β1, β2
Norepinephrine 2. α1, α2, β1 (no β2 activity)
GABA 3. Causes an inhibitory cell hyperpolarization
Muscarinic-r 4. Uses DAG & IP3 as 2nd messengers
5. Parasympathetic control
Bethanechol 6. Cholinergic. ↑ GI & Bladder motility. Txt atonic bladder post-op
Pilocarpine 7. Cholinergic. Pupillary constriciton= miosis. Ciliary constriction= accomodation.
8. Txt acute glaucoma
Isoflurophate 9. Organophosphate. Irreversible acetylcholinesterase (-)r
Pralidoxime 10. “2PAM”. Reverses organophosphate binding to acetylcholinesterase
Neostigmine 11. Reversible acetylcholinesterase (-)r
12. Txt Myasthenia Gravis
Myasthenia Gravis 13. Anitbodies to Ach-r. ↑’g muscular weakness due to Ach’s weak postsynaptic effect @ NMJ. Inactivates-r
Tubocurium 14. Nondepol. Competitive cholinergic N-r (-)r.
15. Prevents Ach binding but does not activate NMJ
16. ↑ Histamine release= ↓ BP & ↑ bronchospasm
Trimethaphan 17. Nonselectively binds N-r of the PS- and SNS
Pancurium 18. More potent than tubocurium w/o histamine release
Succinylcholine 19. Depol. Non competitive (-)r of muscle aciton
20. Opens Na Ch.= fasciculations. Closes Na Ch.= paralysis. Continuous infusion.
α1 & Eye 21. Mydriasis due to norepinephrine. Prazosin (-).
M-r & Eye 22. Miosis due to Ach. Atropine (-).
Sympathetic 23. Post ganglionic symapthetic fibers releases norepinephrine
Parasym. 24. Post ganglionic parasympathetic fibers release Ach
M3-r & Eye 25. Contracts sphincter = miosis. Contracts ciliary = accomodation.
M2-r & Heart 26. Negative chronotropy: ↓ HR = vagal arrest
27. Negative inotropy: ↓ contractility
M3-r & Lung 28. Bronchospasm ↑secretions
M3-r & GI 29. ↑ motility (cramps & diarrhea). Involuntary defecation
Tacrine 30. Acetylcholine esterase (-)r. Txt AlzheimerÂ’s
Atropine 31. DOC w/ vagal arrest
Glycoperrolate 32. M-r(-). Antispasmodic. Txt peptic ulcers.
Pirenzepine 33. M-r(-). Antispasmodic. Txt peptic ulcers.
Page 15
Doxacurium 34. Most potent competitive non-depol NMJ (-)r. No cardiovascular side effects. No Histamine release.
β bungarotoxin 35. Prevent the releasal of Ach from vesicles @ the pre synaptic nerve ending
α bungarotoxin 36. Irreversible N-r (-)r = ↓ action potentials
α1 & Eye 37. Contracts radial muscle = mydriasis (pupil dilation)
α1 & Arterioles 38. Constiction: ↑TPR = ↑ Diastolic pressure = ↑ Afterload
α1 & Venules 39. Constriction: ↑ Venous return = ↑ Preload
α1 & Sex Function 40. Ejaculation
↑ Diastolic 41. ↑ α1 = ↑TPR
↓ Diastolic 42. ↑ β2; Direct acting vasodilators; (+)Cholinergics
β1 & Heart 43. (+)chronotropism = ↑HR.
44. (+)inotropism = ↑ contractility; ↑SV; ↑CO; ↑O2 consumption.
45. ↑ conduction velocity
Phenylephrine 46. α1 (+) Nasal decongestant.
β2(+) Asma Drugs 47. Metaproterenol; Albuterol; Terbutaline; Ritodrine; Salmeterol
Ritodrine/Turbutaline 48. Relaxes myometrium used in pre-mature labor pains
Phentolamine 49. Epi reversal. Blocks α, vasodilation occurs. Pt goes from HyperTN to HypoTN.
50. Txt pheochromocytoma = ↓BP
Terazosin 51. Txt BPH
Yohimbine 52. ↑ sympathetic outflow = α2 (-). Txt impotence.
Cardioselective NMJ 53. Pancuronium = ↑HR due to atropine-like anti muscarinic vagolytic effect & Gallamine (-)r
Ecothiophate 54. Irreversible cholinesterase (-)r.
Pyridostigmine 55. Cholinomimetic that ↑s M & N-r effects. (-) acetylcholinesterase & plasma cholinesterase
56. DOC for the oral Txt of MG
Cardiology
Digoxin 1. ↓ AV nodal conduction/ inh. Na/K/Atpase = inc. Ca conc. in heart cells = inc. contraction force
Diltiazem 2. Txt black men. Txt AV nodal re entrance
Quinidine 3. ↓ AV nodal conduction. Cinchonism. Anticholinergic= aggravate MG. Hypotension= α block
Verapamil 4. ↓ AV nodal conduction. ↓ BP. Negative inotrope= no CHF use
Propranolol 5. ↓ AV nodal conduction. ↓ BP. Negative inotrope(= β block) Aggravates Asthma and Diabetes Melitus via β2 block.
Diazoxide 6. Balanced vasodilator.
Niroprusside 7. Balanced vasodilator. Unloads heart. ↑s cyanide= pre-txt w/ thiosulfate. Txt Acute HTN’v Crisis
Reserpine 8. Txt severe & resistant HTN. Depletes CA. See stuffy nose. No to pts w/ peptic ulcers.
Dobutamine 9. At high doses β2(+) offsets α1 = β1 ↑ CO w/o systemic vascular resistance
Dopamine 10. At low doses Txt Shock= dilates renal and mesenteric aa= maintain urine output
Esmolol 11. Short acting β(-)
Captopril 12. Balanced vasodilator. Txt Outpt. CHF see dry cough(bradykinin induced)
Digoxin 13. Txt CHF & Atrial Flutter - inotropic - ↓ K+ levels= dig. Toxicity
Dig. Toxicity 14. Fatal ventricular arrhythmias w/ sever AV block
Quinidine 15. ClassIa anti arrhythmic. Moderate Na Ch. Block
Lidocaine 16. ClassIb anit arrhythmic. Normalizes conduction. Txt initial MI= control arrhythmias
Flecanide 17. ClassIc anti arrhythmic. Marked conduction slowing
Amiodarone 18. Long t1/2= need potent doses to obtain desired level for action. See blue skin, ocular deposits, Pulmonary Fibrosis.
NE 19. ↑ AV nodal conduction via β1. Metoprolol(-) β1
Ach 20. ↓ AV nodal conduction via M receptor. Atorpine(-) M-r
Atenolol 21. Controls catecholamine induced arrhythmias
Bretylium 22. Txt Malignant Ventricular Arrhythmias but causes passing catecholamine release that can aggravate arrhythmias
briefly
Nimodipine 23. Txt Acute subarachnoid hemorrhage by preventing post hemorrhagic vasospasm
Atropine 24. ↓ excess vagal tone as seen in Sinus Bradycardia
Nitrates 25. ↓ preload= venous pooling. ↓ MVO2= reflex tachy. ↑ ventr work= dec O2 demand
Propranolol 26. Blocks reflex tachy but causes excess brady= ↑ diastole time= ↑ EDV
Verapamil 27. ↑ O2 supply via ↓ in vasospasm Txt Prinzmetal’s variant angina
Aspirin 28. Prevents arterial platelet adhesion (not DVThrombi). Inactivates COX= ↓ platelet production of TxA2, a potent
vasoconstictor
Page 16
Warfarin 29. (-)Vit. K dependent gamma carboxylation of clotting factors= anticoagulation state
Heparin 30. Dependent on Antithrombin III activation
TPA 31. Binds to fibrin clots & activates plasminogen on the spot. Short t1/2, given IV.
32. Does not discriminate b/t fibrin-based clots= bleeding & stroke complications arise
Streptokinase 33. From bacteria= allergies arise. Can see excess bleeding in post-op pts.
Urokinase 34. Human source. ↑ plasmin. Can see excess bleeding in post-op pts.
Colestipol 35. Bile acid sequestrants. Interrupt bile acid reabsorption= ↑↑ LDL uptake. Cholestyramine same MOA.
Lovastatin 36. HMGCoA reductase(-)= ↑ LDL-r synthesis. Pravastatin/ Mevastatin same MOA.
Losartan 37. ↓ Aldosterone. ↑ Renin 2-3x’s
Diazoxide 38. Txt insulinomas. Not balanced vasodilator= onlt dilates arterial smooth muscle
Clonidine 39. Central α2(+). ↓ TPR via ↓ symapthetic effect
Methyldopa 40. Central α2(+). (++) Coombs= Hemolytic anemia
Phenytoin 41. ClassIb. Reverses mild AV block due to digitoxin toxicity
Procainamide 42. ClassIa. SLE like syndrome.
Indopamide 43. Only Thiazide that will have no effect on cholesterol levels
Thiazides 44. Older black men w/ HTN due to ↑ Renin.
β(-) 45. Young white men w/o asthma (cause bronchospasm)
ACEIs 46. (-) change AI ! AII. (-) Bradykinin inactivation. Captopril/ Enalapril
47. Cause renal failure = use w/ caution in the elderly
Epinephrine 48. ↑ contraction rate & force via β1.
49. ↑ systolic but ↓ diastolic BP.
50. ↓ peripheral resistance via β2 vasodilaiton
Norepi. 51. ↑ heart rate and ↑ systolic and diastolic BP
52. ↑ peripheral blood vessel resistance
Methyldopa 53. DOC for pregnancy induced HTN
Quinidine pre-txt 54. Atrial arrhythmia pretxt w/ a drug that will ↓ ventricular response: Dig.;β(-); Ca Ch.(-)
ClassII 55. β(-) ↓risk fo reinfarction & sudden death following MI
“Gray man” 56. Amiodarone: ClassIII antiarrhythmia
Beperidil 57. Ca Ch(-). Limited clinical use due to Torsades de Pointes
ACEIs 58. Vasodilate renal efferents > than afferent arterioles: ↓GFR & Filtration pressure
59. ↓ Diabetic renal failure progression
Adenosine 60. Its receptor is blocked by Methylxanthines (ieÂ… Theophyline)
61. Favored for the Txt of Reentrant Supra Ventricular Tachycardia
Enoxaparin 62. Low molecular weight heparin = Oral anticoagulant
Isoproterenol 63. ↑HR & ↓MAP
Variant angina 64. Use Ca Ch. (-)r ieÂ… Nifedipine
Contraindicated in
CHF
65. β (-)r = you don’t want to ↓ the heart’s pumping strength
CNS
“TOM” 1. Short –acting BDZs:
2. Triazolam
3. Onazelam
4. Midazolam
Butyrophenone 5. Haloperidol & Droperidol
Atypical D4 6. Clozapine – Thioridazine – Olanzepine – Risperidone = Do not cause EPS
Flumazenil 7. BDZ antidote for OD
Methylphenidate 8. Txt attention deficit disorder
Phenytoin 9. Causes aplastic anemia/ gingival hyperplasia/ cleft lip & palate
Thiopental 10. Short acting Barb
Carbamazepine 11. DOC trigeminal neuralgia. Txt lennox gestaut seizures in kids
Atypical D4-r 12. Thioridazine; Olamzapine; Clozapine
Pimozide 13. Txt TouretteÂ’s
Risperidone 14. Good for negative symptoms
Thioridazine 15. Most anti cholinergic neuroleptic
Haloperidol 16. Neuroleptic malignant hyperthermia due to chronic D2 block. give Dantrolene and Bromocriptine
Page 17
Imirpamine 17. Enurisis
Clomirpramine 18. Txt OCD See aggressive behavior w/ use
Trazadone 19. Priapism
Bupropion 20. Helps to quit smoking
SSRIs 21. Primarily used for OCD
Fluoxetine 22. Good for negative symptoms
Phenelzine 23. Irreversible MAOI
Lithium 24. Txt manic phase of Bipolar Disorder
25. Causes goiter by (-) conversion of T4 to T3
26. Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
27. Low salt diet will lead to Li toxicity
Alprazolam 28. DOC stage fright
Propranolol 29. Social phobia
κ-r 30. Spinal analgesia. Euphoria. ++euphoria. ++sedation. Constipation.
μ-r 31. Supraspinal analgesia. Dysphoria. +respiratory depression. +sedation.
Morphine & O2 32. Admin. is contraindicated to pts on morphine sedation= ↓ CO2 sensitivity and O2 admin. can stop breathing.
Morphine 33. ↑ ICP = do not give to pt. with head trauma
Morphine OD 34. 1.pinpoint pupils 2.↓’d respiraiton 3.coma
Meperidine 35. Anesthetic used during labor
Hydromorphone 36. μ(+) used in renal failure
Tramadol 37. Ambulatory txt for mod. to severe pain
Naloxone 38. Txt opioid OD. Reverses respiratory depression
Pentazocine 39. Part κ(+) & part μ(-)
Butorphenol 40. Part κ(+) & part μ(-)
Nalbuphene 41. Part κ(+) & part μ(-)
↓ GABA 42. ↓ seizure focus= Barbs & BDZs
↓ Fast Na Ch. 43. ↓ electrical activity spread = Phenytoin & Carbamazepine
Methoxyflurane 44. Can be nephrotoxic. Needs low MAC for anesthetic induction.
Enflurane 45. Can cause tonic/clonic muscle spasms
Isoflurane 46. Can cause bronchospasm
Halothane 47. Can cause ventricular extrasystoles & Malignant hyperthermia & Hepatitis
Nitric Oxide 48. No effect on HR. Needs high MAC for anesthetic induction.
Thiopental 49. Short acting Barb.
Kentamine 50. Dissociative anesthetic
Droperidol 51. Can be used in combo w/ Fentanyl for neuroleptoanalgesic effect
52. Neuroleptic tranquilizer. Has mild alpha block
Fentanyl 53. Can be used on combo w/ Droperidol for neuroleptoanalgesic effect
54. Used transdermally for chronic pain
Midazolam 55. Pre anesthetic. Induces amnesia
Primidone 56. Biotransformed to Phenobarb.
C & A delta Fibers 57. First fibers to be blocked w/ anesthesia
Esters 58. Procaine, Tetracaine, Benzocaine
59. Broken down and make PABA (allergen)
Amides 60. Lidocaine, Mepivaciane, Bupivaciane, Etidocaine= “i” before “caine” always an amide
61. Metabolized in the liver
Amphetamine 62. DA reuptake (-)Â’r. MAOI. ParkinsonÂ’s txt
Bromocriptine 63. D2(+). Used w/ L-Dopa for “on-off” phenomenon of Parkinson’s
Benztropine 64. Ant M w/ some DA reuptake (-). ParkinsonÂ’s txt
Amantidine 65. ↓ DA reuptake. Can cause livido reticularis= skin mottling.
Diphenhydramine 66. Txt early ParkinsonÂ’s stages
Pergolide 67. > Effective & longer acting than Bromocriptine
Ethosuximide 68. DOC for Absence seizures
Tranylcypromine 69. MAOI = antidepressant
SSRI & MAOI 70. Fatal combo, especially seen with the use of Paroxetine or Fluoxetine (SSRIs) and Tranylcypromine (MAOI)
Labor opioids 71. Meperidine & Nalbuphine
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Desipramine causes 72. Sudden cardaic death in children
Anti-Infective
Primaquine 4. Malaria profylaxis
5. Used for extraerythrocytic forms Plasmodium vivax or P. ovale
Ciporfloxacin 6. Quinolone derivative
Sulfonamides 7. PABA structural analogs
8. Inhibit Folic acid synthesis
Tertacyclines, anuria & the exception 9. Should not be used in anuric pt due to production of (-) Nitrogen balance & ↑d BUN levels.
10. Doxycycline is the exception
Ceftriazone 11. 3rd generation cephalosporin
12. DOC for bacterial meningitis in kids (ieÂ… HiB)
13. One dose txt of gonorrhea
Hepatic coma DOC 14. Neomycin (aminoglycoside) – it supresses the normal flora = ↓g NH4 production = ↓g free
nitrogen levels in the bloodstream.
Clavulanic acid 15. Irreversible (-)r of β lactamases, but ot of transpeptidase = use w/ a β lactamase sensitive
penicillin
Piperacillin 16. Txt Pseudomonas aeruginosa & Klebsiella
17. Broad spectrum antibiotic
Streptomycin (aminoglycoside) 18. Txt Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Isoniazid 19. Most commonly used drug for TB.
20. Usually combined w/ Rifampin and/or Ethambutol
21. Pre Txt w/ Pyridoxine (Vit B6) can prevent peripheral neuritis‘
Pyrantel Pamoate 22. Txt of Hookworm disease
23. Depolarizing NMJ (-)r
Buy “AT” 30, “CELL” at 50 24. A = Aminoglycosides
25. T = Tetracyclines
26. C = Chloramphenicol
27. E = Erythromycin (macrolide)
28. L = Clindamycin
29. L = Lincomycin
Cefoxitin 30. Txt intraabdominal infections (ieÂ… w/ Bacteroides fragilis)
31. Traditional txt has been Clindamycin & Gentamycin
Chloramphenicol 32. Broad spectrum antibiotic
33. Bone marrow depression (common) – Aplastic anemia (rare)
34. Gray baby syndrome (chloramphenicol cannot be conjugated)
35. DOC Typhoid Fever (symptomatic Salmonella infection)
36. DOC HiB meningitis in kids – especially resistant strain to ampicillin
Nifurtimox 37. Txt trypanosomiasis
Metronidazole 38. Txt Leishmaniasis & Amebiasis
39. Good for anaerobic bacteria = Bacteroides fragilis
40. DOC Trichomoniasis
41. DOC Giardia lamblia
Txt P. carinii 42. TMP-SMX & Pentamidine
Tetracycline 43. Txt of Brucellosis & Cholera
44. Txt Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
45. Txt spirochete infections = Lyme disease (Borrelia burgdorferi)
TMP-SMX 46. (-) dihydrofolate reductase activity
Benzathine Penicillin G 47. Long duration of action = given once every 3-4 weeks for Txt of Syphilis
Praziquantel 48. Txt Schistosomiasis (trematode [fluke] infections)
Melarsoprol 49. Txt Trypanosomiasis that has neurological symptoms
Stibogluconate 50. Txt Leishmaniasis
Fluconazole 51. Txt fungal encephalitis
Amphotericin B 52. Polyene antifingal
Ketoconazole MOA 53. (-) fungal ergosterol synthesis = disrupts membrane
Griseofulvin MOA 54. Accumulates in keratinized layers of the skin = used in dermatomycoses infections
Mefloquine 55. Anti malarial
56. Txt Chloroquine resistant strains = P. falciparum
Chloroquine 57. Txt for Malaria when inside RBC
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Nifurtimox 58. DOC Chagas disease due to Trypanosoma cruzi
Erythromycin 59. Used in pts allergic to penicillins
Nystatin 60. Topical txt of superficial mycotic infections = Candidiasis
Acyclovir 61. Guanine analog
62. Txt Herpes infections
Imipenem 63. Used w/ Cilastatin
64. Can cause seizures
Cefoperazone side effects 65. Bleeding due to vit K level alterations
66. Contraindicated in pts w/ bleeding disorders
Vancomycin 67. Used for MRSS (methicillin resistant Staph. Aureus)
68. “Red neck”: due to histamine release causes facial flushing
Meropenem 69. used w/ Cilastatin
70. Does not cause seizures (cf w/ Imipenem)
Nafcillin 71. Only penicillin that does not need dose adjustment in renal impairment
Peripheral neuropathy 72. Seen w/ use of:
73. Metronidazole – Isoniazid – Vincristine – ddI – AZT – Allopurinol
Sulfonamides & newborns 74. Kernicterus can occur
“O.N.E.” for gonorrhea 75. Fluoroquinolones used in a one dose deal for gonorrhea:
76. O = Ofloxacin
77. N = Norfloxacin
78. E = Enoxacin
Ribavirin 79. Txt RSV (Respiratory Syncytial Virus)
Anti-Neoplastics
Cyclosporine 80. Protects against rejections from organ transplants
81. Does not induce bone marrow depression
Cyclophosphamide 82. Alkylating agent of both purine & pyrimidine bases of DNA
83. Txt CLL
CisplatinÂ’s toxicities 84. Nephro- & Ototoxicity
Methotrexate 85. Antimetabolite of folic acid: (-)dihydrofolate reductase
Leucovorin Rescue 86. Can block/reduce Methotrexate = ↑ folic acid via a reduced folate
Bleomycin toxicities 87. Pneumonitis & pulmonary fibrosis
Azathiorine 88. Used in organ transplantation = kidney allografts
89. Allopurinol can ↑ its activity by (-) its biotransformation to xanthine oxidase
MOPP 90. Chemotherapy used in the txt of HodgkinÂ’s disease
91. M = Mechlorethamine – nitrogen mustard
92. O = Oncovin (Vincristine) – prevents microtubule assembly
93. P = Procarbazine
94. P = Prednisone – glucocorticoid, inducing apoptosis
Tamoxifen 95. (-) estrogen receptor
96. Txt of breast tumors, can see associated endometrial CA
Flutamide 97. Antiandrogenic
98. Used w/ Leuprolide (LH-RH analog)
99. Txt prostatic CA
Megestrol 100. (-) progesterone receptor
101. Txt endometrial CA
Fluoxymesterone 102. Androgenic steroid
103. Txt mammary CA in postmenopausal women
Methotrexate 104. Folic acid analog that (-) tetrahydrofolate synthesis by (-) dihydrofolate reductase
105. Txt of ALL
106. Txt of Psoriasis
Brain tumor Txt 107. Lomustine
108. Carmustine – Causes pulmonary fibrosis
Streptozocin 109. Attaches to β cells
110. Txt of pancreatic insulinomas
Cytarabine (AraC) 111. Pyrimidine analog
112. DOC for AML
Dactinomycin 113. Used for Wilms tumor & rhabdomyosarcoma
Etoposide 114. Used for oat cell CA
Paclitaxel 115. Used for ovarian CA
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Amifostine 116. Can ↓ nephrotoxicity due to chronic use of Cisplatin
Pathology
Mobitz I 117. Usually due to inferior MI. Rarely goes into 3rd degree block.
118. Txt w/ Atropine or Isoproterenol.
Mobitz II 119. BBB association. Often goes to 3rd degree AV block. Usually due to anterior MI.
P wave 120. Atrial depol.
a wave 121. LA contraction
T wave 122. Vetricular repol.
Wavy fibers 123. Eosinophilic bands of necrotic myocytes. Early sign of MI.
JanewayÂ’s lesions 124. Acute bacterial endocarditis.
125. Nontender, erythematous lesions of palms & soles.
OslerÂ’s nodes 126. Subacute bacterial endocarditis.
127. Tender lesions of fingers & toes.
Thiamine defcy 128. Wet Beri Beri heart. Dilated (congested) cardiomyopathy due to chronic alcohol consumption
129. Dyr Beri Beri = peripheral neuropathy
130. Wernicke-Korsakoff = ataxia; confusion; confabulation; memory loss
Fibrinous Pericarditis 131. Associated w/ MI: DresslerÂ’s
Serous Pericarditis 132. Associated w/ nonbacterial; viral (Coxsackie) infection; immunologic reaction.
Friction Rub 133. Pericarditis association
Hemorrhagic Pericarditis 134. Associated w/ TB or neoplasm
Restrictive Cardiomyopathy 135. Aka infiltrative cardiomyopathy that stiffens the heart
136. Due to amyloidosis in the elderly
137. Due to , also see schaumann & asteroid bodies in young (<25 yoa).
PMLÂ’s infectious agent 138. JC Virus (Papovavirus = dsDNA, naked icosahedral capsid)
Edema 139. ↑Pc (more seeps out)
140. ↓πc (less reabsorbed)
141. ↑ permeability
142. Block lymphatic drainage
Adult Polycystic Kidney
Disease
143. Commonly see liver cysts & Berry aneurysms along w/ kidney cysts. Hematuria & HTN also present.
144. 3 cysts in ea. Kidney w/ + family history confirms diagnosis
Malignant HTN & Kidneys 145. Petehial hemorrhages are seen on kidney surfaces = Flea-Bitten surface = young black men
Nephritic signs 146. Hematuria; RBC casts; HTN
Nephrotic signs 147. Proteinuria; Hypoalbuminemia; Edema
Podocyte Effacement seen
w/
148. Minimal Change (Lipoid nephrosis) disease
ASO seen in 149. Acute post-streptococcal GN (due to βHGASrtep)
150. Anti streptolysin O
Crescentic GN 151. Rapidly progressive GN – nephritic syndrome
152. Associated w/ multi system disease or post-strep/post infectious glomerular nephritis
Hereditary Nephritis 153. AlportÂ’s syndrome. X linked
154. Renal disease w/ deafness & ocualr abnormalities
Membranoproliferative GN 155. Can be secondary to complement deficiency; chronic infections; CLL
156. See tram tracking
TypeI Membrano
Proliferative GN deposits
157. C3 & IgG deposits
TypeII Membrano
Proliferative GN deposits
158. Only C3 deposits
159. Aka Dense deposit disease
Focal segmental
glomerulosclerosis deposits
160. IgM & C3 deposits
Cold agglutinins 161. Seen in atypical pneumonia
162. It is IgM Ab with specificity for I Ag on adult RBCs
Scrofula 163. TB in the lymph nodes
Aspirin-Asthma Triad 164. Nasal polyps – Rhinitis – bronchoconstriction
Ferruginous bodies 165. Hemosiderin (pigment w/ Fe3-) covered macrophages that have been pahgocytised
PancoastÂ’s tumor causes 166. Ulnar nerve pain & HornerÂ’s syndrome
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Fatty degeneration 167. Made up primarily of triglycerides
168. Most commonly due to alcoholism which commonly leads to hepatic cirrhosis
169. Associated w/ CCl4
-
Cloudy swelling 170. Failure of cellular Na pump
171. Seen in Fatty degeneration of the liver and in Hydropic (Vacuolar) degeneration of the liver
Hydropic degeneration 172. Severe form of cloudy swelling
173. Seen with hypokalemia induced by vomitting/diarrhea
Liquefaction necrosis 174. Rapid enzymatic break down of lipids
175. Seen commonly in Brain & Spinal cord (CNS) injuries
176. Seen in suppurative infections = pus formation
Coagulation necrosis 177. Result of sudden ischemia
178. Seen in organs w/ end arteries limited collateral circulation) = heart, lung, kidney, spleen
Caseation necrosis 179. Combination of both coagulation & liquefaction necrosis
180. Seen w/ M. tuberculosis & Histoplasma capsulatum infection
Fibrinoid necrosis 181. Seen in the walls of small arteries
182. Associated w/ malignant hypertension, polyarteritis nodosa, immune mediated vasculitis
Fat necrosis 183. Result of lipase actions liberated from pancreatic enzymes
184. Seen w/ Acute pancreatitis = saponification results
Hemoptysis 185. Blood in sputum
Pulmonary embolism 186. Most commonly thrombus from lower extremity vein
Phlebothrombosis 187. From a vein of lower extremities, of a pregnant uterus, in Congestive heart failure, bed ridden pt,
188. As a complicaiton in a pt w/ Pancreatic CA due to