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good for those whos exam is near - rizowana
#31
18)Clubbing description: choices bronchiectasis, asthma clubbing is seen in bronchiectasis

Q1) Cystic fibrosis heterozygous frequency?
Q2) Chemotherapy heart failure “ left heart/right
heart/myocardial fibrosis? Maybe Doxorubicin (Adriamycin) FA p.330 or Daunorubicin . But have no idea what is the mechanism
Q3) Stimulants and inhibitors of pancreatic secretions:
exocrine and endocrine.
Exocrine- Stimulants : CCK , Secretin , parasympathetics,
Inhibitors: None
Endocrine-
Insulin Stimulants : Glucose , Amino Acid , GIP , Glucagon,
Insulin Inhibitors : Somatostatin , Sympathetics (Alpha)
Glucagon Stimulants : Amino acid,
Glucagon Inhibitors : Insulin , Somatostatin

Q4) Cellular barrier between gall bladder cavity and
wall™s epithelial cells. is maybe asking for Tight junction. Tight junction must be there to protect the internal celluar structures from nasty bile
Q5) Embryology neural tube formation, cellular dna
fragmentation indicates? Apoptosis ?
Q6) War veteran describing killing business like “ defence mech?

Q7) Trigeminal nerve nucleus identification in medulla ct cross section.( you can just say verbally where its located)
Q8) Efferent renal constriction: effects on GFR &
Filtration fraction. GFR & FF both increases
Q9)Premature birth, surfactant and steroid therapy fails due to surface tension increase/decrease etc.
Q10) Barret esophageal cancer type? Adenocarcinoma , since barrett's is Metaplasia full of intesinal cells
Q11)GERD cuz of secretions from which type of gastric
cells? BRS Physiology(p.223) says that the relaxaton of lower esophageal sphincter is vagally mediated , and the neurotransmitter is VIP.
Or, maybe GERD could be due to gastric acid therefore , parietal cell could be an answer.
Q12) Cholecystectomy patients absorb fat from? Cholecystectomy pt. will still absorbing fat from terminal ileum I think, well ofcourse from small intestine cholecystectomy has nothing to do with the site of absorbtion .
the person still produces bile( in liver) just no storage or conecentration of bile.... thats why post op cholecystectomy patients are put on low fat diet
but site of absorbtion remains small intestine (ileum) as usual

Q13)Sputum silver staining for bugs. silver staining reminds me of two bugs,but I am not sure : Pneumocysyis carinii , Legionella pneumoniae.
But silver staining of PCP is done on pt.'s Bronchoalveolar lavage , I guess.
Q14) First thing to say to dad patient brought by 2
daughters who express wish to remain with patient.
Best statement to make to build rapport with patient
playing crossword on encounter. May be Doctor have to ask the pt. whether he wants their daughter in the room while interviewing
Q15) Post break-up with boyfriend, mother of patient finds synthroid tablets in nursing student daughter™s belongings. Doc™s response to patient? synthyroid is Thyroid hormone I guess, but not sure if it is T3 or T4. the pt. may be planning on weight loss because boyfriend hated her obesity .
q16)Fragile X family, parents concern regarding testing of ?normal 14-year daughter™s genome for similar problems.
Q 17) Girl child dumps classes since uncle™s death, and mother finds it helpful for daughter to be around home. Intervention required? Family therapy/psychotherapyetc.
Q18) Porphyrias: like the back of ur hands.
q19) Carbon tetrachloride: how it affects liver. CCl4 - The liver converts CCl4 to a CCl3 free radical , which damages the liver (fulminant hepatitis , fatty change) from Goljan's STARS pathology review p.93

Acyclovir mechanism of action. inhibhits DNA viral poymerase and phosphorylated by viral thymidine kinase
Q20) Hernia above n lateral to pubis. Hernia above the inguinal lig. is Inguinal hernia , and below the lig. is femoral hernia. So it could be both Indirect and direct inguinal hernia since it doesn't say anything about hernia's relation to inf. epigastric vessels.
Q21)Hydatidiform mole: learn how to interpret genotypes of moles.
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#32
thanks rizowana
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#33
Which 2 Joints are Never affected in RA ? Distal interphalangeal and the Back joints r never involved in RA
Q1) Best means of bringing down temperature of seizing
patient with meningitis: pharmacologic and otherwise. think non pharamacologic tt shd be hydrotherapy to bring down temp...n pharamacologic may be paracetamol by rectal route.
Q2) Acetaminophen overdose: how it damages. In overdose, the stores of GSH are depleted and and the metabolite N-acetylbenzoquinoneimine reacts with hepatocytes leading to liver necrosis: Acetaminophen forms free radicals in the liver and results in fulminant hepatitis/ renal papillary necrosis.
damages by free radicals which r removed by glutathione..N ACETYLCYSTEIN its antidote restores the glutathione levels
Q3) Antimicrosomal antibodies. involved in hashimoto's autoimmune thyroiditis and autoimmune hepatitis
Q4)Dialysis patient on transplant list gets angry often and misses dialysis appointments - intervention: need to spend more time with patient/discuss regarding
reconsideration of transplant listetc. Dialysis patient on transplant list gets angry often and misses dialysis appointments - intervention: need to spend more time with patient/discuss regarding reconsideration of transplant listetc. ??? need to spend more time with patient to know what exactly is his prob
Q5) Adenovirus “ structure? nonenveloped,ds linear DNA, icosahedral nucleocapsid, only virus with a fibre protruding from each of 12 vertices of teh capsid.
Q6) Brown fat of neonates. Function? site of heat production in a neonate---brown adipose tissue contain natural uncoupling protein, which allows energy loss in the form of heat to maintain basal temp
Q7) Longterm steroid use: effect on adrenals. adrenal suppression... therefore tapered slowly, neg feed back on ant pit so, decreased ACTH, so less stim of adrenalshypothalamo pituitary axis and eventually leads to atrophy of the adrenal gland.
Q8) Trypanosome cruzi: life cycle. try cruzi lifecycle involves reduvid bud as a vector and both humans and animals as reservoirs. life cycle. reservoirs are cats, dogs reduviid bug passes the trypomastigote as it bites and scratching implants in bite site.reservoir is rodents, armadillos. vector is reduviid bug. it transmits the trypo-mastigote form which turns into the amastigote form inside the body. At the bite site the lseion is called chagoma. Systemic symptoms are fever, lymphadenopathy . Tachycardia, meningoencephalitis. Then comes the intermediate phase where the patient is asymptomatic, with low levels of the parasite and antibodies against it. decades later-the chronic form emerges with dilated cardiomyopathy, megacolon, megaesophagus.Treatment is Nifurtimox.
Q9)Patient requiring dialysis says: don™t want machines to keep me alive. Doc™s next step?
Q10)Antifungals: big time. Drug interactions. Mechanism of actions.(lets write few antifungals with mech of action and main side effects...we will never forget it if we do so)
amphotericin B binds ergosterol creates pores.
flucytosine-inhibit thymidilate synthase.
azole-inhibit ergosterol synthesis
griesofulvin-interfere with microtubule function
terbinafine- inhibit squalene epoxide
DRUG INERACTIONS.
AZOLE GRP INCREASE TOXICITY OF FOLL BY INHIBITING ITS METABOLISM
bdz,cisapride,cyclosporine,fluoxetine,lovastatin,omeprazole
Q11) Alcoholic with nosebleed. Wot to expect in terms of AST, PT, and forgot( I dont know exactly whats being asked...lets see who figures it out) AST is increased, platelet count is decreased, prolonged PT
Q12)Picture of normal hand and a slender hand shown and asked for diagnosis.
Q13)Wernicke mammillary body identification on CT( here just name the structures affected in wernickes encephalopathy and ofcourse do know how to identify them...very very HY) mammillary bodies and dorsomedial nucleus of thalamus.Mamillary bodies on the ventral surface of the brain stem
Q14) How HBV causes liver cancer. HBV DNA integrates in host genomic DNA,MODIFICATIONOF GENE EXPRESSION. HBV INCORPORATES itself into the hepatocyte dna and triggers malignant growth. theres is a 200 X Risk of developing HCC in carriers versus noncarriers
Q15)Patient taking OCP. Smoker. Wot u wanna check first? smoking induces met enzymes increased metabolism of OCP'Sdecreased efficacy, Smoking itself is thrombogenic, and estrogen also is ask for history of thrombosis, may be check PT, PTT
Q16)Allopurinol “ effect on renal stones? It inhibits xanthine oxidase, decreasing uric acid
allopurinol used in pts of renal stones. as calcium oxalate stone formers are hyperuricemic
Q17)Radiation alopecia “ dermal histopathology? sparse mixed dermal inflammatory infiltrate consisting mainly of lymphocytes. . Mucinous deposits, confirmed by alcian blue/PAS stain, were observed within the epidermis of the hair follicle
Q18)Streptococcus pyogenes “ patient penicillin allergic.
Next step? Can give Clavulanic acid, Sulbactam, Tazobactam. Cephalosporins should be avoided in patients allergic to penicillin because of cross sensitivity.. Cephalosporins are susceptible to beta lactamase, but less than penicillin. ? penicillin allergic pts erythromycin or azithromycin are the alternatives, all GRP A Streptoccoci r susceptible to pencillin G, but neither Rhematic fever nor allergic pats benefit from pencillin treatment after onset. In pencillin allergies pats should get erythromycin or azithromycin.
.HOWEVER ENTEROCOCCAL ENDOCARDITIS CAN BE ERADICATED ONLY BY PENICILLIN OR VANCOMYCIN COMBINED WITH AN AMINOGLYCOSIDE"
Q19)t-Rna triplet codon function? The anti codon on the tRNA pairs with the codon for aa in mRNA
Q20) Nuclear membrane “ evolutionary importance between
eukaryotes and prokaryotes? all I know is nucleus membrane is absent in prokaryotes and present in euk may be evolutionary imp is to protect the genetic information...???

there are 4 trigeminal nuclei--->
1)primary sensory nuclei for sensations of face
2)spinal trigeminal nucleus for pain and tempreature sensation of face
3)Mesencepahalic nucleus for proprioception
4)primary motor nucleus for muscles of mastication



ZEBRA genes:Z EBV replication activator (ZEBRA) as lytic cycle markers.ZEBRA is one of the immediate early genes of EBV.it is considered to be expressed in the initial stage of the lytic cycle, before the viral particles have been dispersed.
Zebra sign:. Hemorrhage is often characterized by a typical, streaky bleeding pattern due to blood spreading in the cerebellar sulci. this zebra-pattern hemorrhage seems to be typical in a postoperative loss of CSF.
Zebra bodies - lipid inclusions with concentric lamellar structure with alternating light and dark-staining bands in neuronal cells in neimann picks
Zebra tumor = acoustic neuroma
Q1)Lead poisoning( symptoms) --Lead poisoning.. lead inhibits ferrochelatase and ALA dehydrase.., coproporhyrin and ALA accumulate in urine, symp”abdominal colic, sideroblastic anemia, wrist and foot drop, lead lines in gingivae and epiphysis of long bones, encephalopathy, basophilic stippling
Q2) Glutamine in urea cycle
Q3) Large intestine gross section: tumor shown. Type?
(felt like the napkin constriction)...I never heard of this kind of tumor...anyone knows?
Q4) Radiation therapy pelvis. Cause for urinary retention. ???cystits fibrosis
Q5) Osteogenesis imperfecta: defect? d? AD, mutation in collagen genes
Q6) Medial side of arm numbness after mastectomy: nerve involved? intercostobrachial n. also known as the lateral cutaneous br. of the ventral primary ramus of T2
Q7) Interleukins: big time. Learn function of each!!we can name some...and function.
IL1- stim produced mainly by macrophages
IL2 syn , pyrogenic, activates TH, IL2- downreg TH2, Tcell growth factor, stim Bcell
IL3- stim BM stem cells
IL4-class switch to IgE
IL5-Class swish to eosinophil, promote B cell prolif
IL6- produc of acute phase reactants
IL8-chemotactic and adhesion of neutrophils
IL10-Inhibit TH1, inhibit cytokine from macrophage
IL12-induce TH0 to TH1
Q8) Plummer Vinson: esophageal defect? Esophageal webs iron deficiency anemia,
o Stomatitis
o Glossitis
o Dysphagia
o Spoon-shaped nails
o Esophageal webs

Q9)Scurvy: enzyme/reaction involved? Prolyl and lysyl hydroxylase, the enzymes that catalyzes the hydroxylation, require vitamin C.
Q10)Reiter syndrome vs. Sjogren...
Reiter syndrome--- urethritis, conjunctivitis and ant uveitis, arthritis
Sjogren...Xerophthalmia, xerostomia, arthritis, parotid enlargement
Q11)Managing hypertensive crisis in MAO inhibitor patient on cheese: it™s pathogenesis? Treatment ot a Hypertensive Crisis from MAOI Reaction.
This is a medical emergency with cerebral vascular accidents being one of the greatest concerns. Medical consultation is warranted. Patients should report to an immediately to an emergency department. Initial treatment options include: Phentolamine 5 mg IV
or Thorazine 50 to 100 mg po
Care should be taken to ensure that the patient does not become dangerously hypotensive or that the hypertensive state returns once the intervention medication has worn off. Tyramine is actively transported into neurons and displaces NE, leading to intraneuronal release of NE. It can be degraded by MAO, but if you are on MAOI, its interaction will cause tyramine build up. Tons of NE will be replaced and hence the HTN crisis.
Q12) Neurotransmitter involved in Huntington. Decreased GABA and ACh
Q13)Aortic coarctation: site of constriction and symptoms. infantile type is preductal, Cardiomegaly, Pulmonary venous congestion , Right Ventricular Hypertrophy
Adult is postductal asso with notching of ribs, Displaced esophageal shadow rightward, Left Ventricular Hypertrophy, HT in UL, weak pulses in LL

Q14) Chronic antiplatelet drug in aspirin sensitive? Clopidogrel & Ticlopidine : They are back-up or alternative drugs to aspirin. They block ADP receptors on platelets , hence decrease activation
Q15)Stroke patient getting MI treated with streptokinase
dies due to cva. Cause? concluded that death of the patient occurred due to rebleeding on administration of streptokinase 1. Intracranial Hemorrhage :
As PRS has mentioned , the death could be due to intracranial hemorrhage. Since CVA refers to both ischemic (80%) and hemorrhagic(20%).
This is more likely than other explanation to me.

2. Therapeutic Failure :
It could be due to strptokinase's property itself.
Since most individuals have had a streptococcal infection sometime in their lives , circulating antibodies against streptokinase are likely to be present in most patients. These antibodies can combine with streptokinase and neutralize its fibrinolytic properties. (Therapeutic failure)
(lippincott Pharmacology 2nd edition p.203)
3. Property of all Thrombolytic agents
As the thrombolytic agents dissolute clot , Increased local thrombin may occur as the clot dissolves , leading to enhanced platelet aggregability and thrombosis. Strategies to prevent this include administration of antiplatelet drugs , such as aspirin , or antithrombotics , such as heparin.

Drugs that have been implicated in the development of serum sickness-like reactions include the following: allopurinol (Zyloprim), arsenicals and mercurial derivatives, barbiturates, captopril (Capoten), cephalosporins, furazolidone (Furoxone), gold salts, griseofulvin (Fulvicin, Grifulvin), halothane, hydralazine (Apresoline), iodides, methyldopa, para-aminosalicylic acid, penicillamine, penicillins, phenytoin (Dilantin), piperazine, procainamide (Procan SR, Procanbid, Pronestyl-SR), quinidine (Quinaglute, Quinalan, Quinidex, Quinora), streptokinase (Streptase, Kabikinase), sulfonamides, and thiouracils.

Q16)Leukotriene inhibitors? ZafirlukastLT receptor antagonist
Q17) Chromolyn sodium. Mechanism of action. prevent degranulation of mast cells
Q18)Grave™s pathophysiology. autoimmune TSH receptor antibodies, type II hypersensitivity
Q19) Couple in for infertility counseling. High BMI Wife
says, œit kills me not to be able to have a baby.
Doc™s best response? obese wife possibly has Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS).
74% of PCOS pt. has infertility and PCOS accounts for 30% of overall infertility.
Therefore , the doctor may have to evaluate for PCOS by Lab. blood test and Ultrasonography. The lab blood test will show Increased androgen , LH , fasting insulin , prolactin and estrogens. The ultrasonography is the most sensitive diagnostic study.
If the Dx. of PCOS have been confirmed , Tx should be Weight reduction , quit smoking , and antiandrogen(because of hirsutism) and antiestrogen(clomiphen)

Q20)Baby awakens at night frightened, goes back to sleep.
Does not respond to questions b parents on that awakening. Best next step? The boy is possibly having Night Terrors. It occurs in Delta sleep , so you can't wake them and they can't remember what happened. And night terror is shown to be precursor to temporal lobe epilepsy.
The doctor's response should be either
examine for any epilepsy in the pt.(prevent or tx. the temporal lobe epilepsy) or ...
Identify & dealing with waking-time anxiety to relieve night terrors
celiac disease is the proximal bowel
and tropical sprue involves the entire bowel..

Q1) Prematue ejaculation. Best next step? Ans- selective seratonon reuptake inhibhitors like fluoxetine or even clorpramine (which is the most seratonin specific hetrocyclics)
Q2)Delirium: big time. ( just define)
Ans-Impaired conciousness(incontrast to dementia which is loss of memory and intellectual abilities)
causes-Huntingtons or parkinson's ds, CNS infection,trauma, systemic ds( like hepatic, cardiovascular), high fever substance abuse or withdrawal.
more common occurrence in children and elderly.
associated physical findings-autonomic dysfunction acute medical illness amd ABNORMAL EEG.
associated psycho findings-illusions hallucinations impaired conciousness sundowning(symptoms worse at night)
treatment- removal of underlying cause will allow symptoms to resolve
Q3)Malingering vs factitious. Ans-factitious.-when individual tries to simulate an illness for attention from medical personnel and can even undergo unnecessary medical and surgical procedures.
Malingering-when the same is done for financial or other obvious gain.
Q4)Leuprolide mechanism of action. ans- its a GnRH agonist and causes continued secretion of Gn from ant pituitary which causes the downregulation of Gn receptors--->inhibhition of FSH and LH--->supressed gonadal function.
used in treating precosious pubery, , prostatic Ca,endometriosis, premenopausal breast Ca,utrine leomyoma, PCOD,....can also be used as contraceptive in both males and females
Q5) Thromboangitis obliterans.( discuss in afew lines) Ans-also called buerger"s ds.affects most commonly smokers..it affects the whole neurovascular bundle of tibial poplteal or radial arteries.
the thrombus is composed of neutrophil containing micro abscesses.Pts frequently have raynaud's phenomenon
Q6)Lack of T tubules in muscles lead to? I think lack of T tubules in muscle will affect the membrane depolarization and hence contraction.
Q7)Tryptophan/tyrosine metabolism both of them are both ketogenic and glucogenic amino acids
Q8) phosphofructokinase “ inhibitors? ATP and citrate
Q9)Lysosomal storage disorders...just name and imp charecteristic
ans-fabry's and hunters are XR rest all are AR.
Tay sachs-def of hexosaminidase and GM2 gangliosides accumulate.
fabry's - def of alfa galactosidase and ceramide trihexoside accumulates.
Mertachromatic leuko dystrophy- def of arylsulfatase and sulfatides accumumalate
krabbes- beta galactosidase deficient and galactocerebroside accumulates
Nieman pick-sphingomylinase def and sphingomylin accumulates.
gaucher-def of beta glucosidase and glucocerebroside accumulates
Q10).S-100 positive slide, prognostic factor? S100 is a tumor marker for malig. melanoma and imp factor which determines prognosis is depth of the lesion
Q11)Gaucher bone marrow. Ans-gauchers cells present which are macrophages with wrinkeled paper cytoplasm
Q12)Young boy with breast biopsy for post-traumatic swelling showing multilayered cells lining ducts: next step?
maybe this is case of gynecomastia...its mostly noticed by medical personnel after trauma...In most cases, no treatment is needed,gynecomastia goes away in less than 3 years.Occasionally, medicines may be used to treat gynecomastia, especially if tenderness is a problem. treatment includes testosterone gel or surgery
Q13)S shaped bug, curved bug. curved is vibrio...does S shape also include in this genus Im not sure
Q14) Boy and pet dog both having diarrhea. No
ova/parasites. ?
q15) Scleroderma: cause for pulmonary hypertension? Ans-PH is high blood pressure in the arteries which take blood between the heart and lungs. When PH occurs along with other lung, heart, or systemic connective tissue disease (such as scleroderma), it is called Secondary Pulmonary Hypertension.when its due to scleroderma the cause maybe fibrosis
Q16) Pulmonary hypertension patient listed for lung transplantation. Pharmacologic management during waiting period?
maybe diuretics and oxygen therapy.
looked up a website which stated epoprostenol(FLOLAN) for those listed for lung transplant
Q17) Vascular bed, blood flow increased, howz capillary
flow controlled? this occurs by arteriolar constriction to maintain a constant flow in capillaries.
Q18) Carcinoid lung....(some imp features) Bronchial carcinoid tumors arise from Kulchitsky cells (argentaffin cells) within the bronchial mucosa.These cells are neurosecretory cells,which belong to APUD sysyem.They have the capacity to synthesize serotonin,ACTH,norepinephrine, bombesin, calcitonin, antidiuretic hormone (ADH), and bradykinin.
The clinical manifestations of bronchial carcinoids may arise because of their endobronchial or central location, their potential for metastatic spread, or their ability to produce vasoactive amines.
Hemoptysis is common, occurring in at least 50% of patients. This finding reflects the vascular nature of these lesions.
patients may present with complications due to the neurosecretory activity of the tumors. Bronchial carcinoids may secrete ACTH in quantities sufficient to cause Cushing syndrome in 2% of patients
Q19)Common cause for cataract and aged skin wrinkles?
Q20) Retinoblastoma, risk for another cancer? ans-Some, especially those in which the tumor involves both the eyes, are at a risk for developing other tumors like osteogenic sarcoma....maybe due to the radiation therapy..
but I also had read some where that retinoblastoma patients are at increased risk of developing some brain tumors( cant reme which specific brain tumor)...plz correct me if Im wron
1.Testicular CA drains to ? para aortic LN
2.Meckel™s is a remnant of? vitellointestinal duct
3.A child with tumor near 3rd vent will present with what symp? obstructive hydrocephalus
4.A pic of carotid arteriogram with arrow pointing to one branch, asked for symp in pt due to its block MI/angina symptoms
5.MRI of abd given, asked to identify structure lying in relation to pancreas head? 2nd part of duodenum,bile duct
6. While operating for hyper PTH, surgeon finds 2 supr and 1 infr lobe, to locate the ectopic lobe she has to trace which artery? maybe inferior parathyroid artery

7. Histamine is predominantly released from ?? mast cells

8. Pt has loss of afferent limb of papillary reflex, asked to identify the structure in a cut section aferent limb of pupillary reflex is via optic nerve...so that must be the structure asked to identify

9. A neonate is for corrective cardiac surgery, to reach PDA catheter passed from femoral vein must pass throu--?Lpulm art, LA,RV,RA
femoral vein-rt atria-pulm trunk-left pulm artery-PDA

10. Pt has spastic paralysis, asked to locate the area responsible on a gross pic of brain
spastic paralysis is due to UMN lesion..so maybe the pyramidal tract...or higher areas in motor or premotor cortex
11. If sup mesenteric art is occluded at its origin and no sig collaterals, then which organ is most affected ?duo, ileum, caecum, colon

12. Pt with seizures and anosmia has which cerebral lobe affected anosmia indicates involvement of pyriform cortex( responsible for smell)....this is located in cerebellum...but quesasks which cerebral lobe involved

13. Hypertensive pt with head injury in lucid, later deteriorates brain CT given, asked if it is epidural, intra cereb, .. lucid interval indicates that its epidural

14. Asked for nerve supply to ant ½ of ext ear canal
ant 1/2 of ext ear canal-supplied by auriculotemporal n
post 1/2 by auricular br of vagus
facial surface of upper part of auricle-auriculotemporal
cranial surface of upper part of auricle-lesser occipitla n
both surfaces of lower part of auricle-great auricular nerve

15. A 21yr male with acute LLQ abd pain & fever with vomiting, what other signs will be present-tenderness at McBuneys, / pain on passive flexion of hip?

16. Pt with stone in parotid duct, asked for thro which muscle does duct pass to open in oral cavity- zygomaticus major, temporalis, masseter, buccinator, orb oris?

17. A druken pt sleeps on arm chair develops wrist drop- nerve ? radial nerve injury

18. 10 yr child with elbow dislocation would also have damage to-? Deep brachial art, median N, interosseous memb, brachial v median nerve injury

19. Microscopic pic of FT with ovum in the process of fertilization, plenty of sperms also seen around, asked to identify the struc derived from glycoproteins??

20. A girl with well dev breasts, pubic hair, has normal female ext with testes, neither male nor female int organs, what is the cause androgen insensitvity
Adie's Pupil Dilated pupil which may react better to near than to light. It is probably due to disease affecting the ciliary ganglion. Is hyper-sensitive to any weak Pilocarpine (eg. 0.1%) with constriction of the pupil, in contrast to the pharmacologically dilated pupil (eg. by atropine) which will not constrict. There may be an associated loss of tendon reflexes, particularly the ankle jerks, but there is almost never any associated systemic disease. Over a period of years, the condition is likely to become bilateral and the initially dilated pupil will gradually reduce in size. However, its poor reaction to light will continue.
2.- Marcus Gunn Pupil-paradoxical dilatation of pupils in swinging flash-light test,seen in retinal detachment,optic neuritis etc.
3.Pupils in pontine lesions-; pontine lesions cause miosis but normal light response. pin-point pupils following pontine haemorrhage;
4.central diencephalic herniation causes fixed dilated pupils:
5.Argyll Robertson Pupil- Accomodation Reflex Present(ARP-mnemonic).
6.Pupil in Uncal herniation- findings include ipsilateral pupillary dilation, loss of light reflex, and ptosis due to compression of cranial nerve III
Whch of d correct regarding
Wernikes Encephalopathy :

-Often develops into Korsakof's even when treated

-It has a mortality rate of 70 % to 80 % if untreated

-The treatment is thiamine 100 mg. PO daily for 5 days


-The symptoms include Nistagmus ataxia and
opisthotonos

-None of the above *

2. Which is the most serious complication of the supra
condilar fracture of the Humerus ?

-A compartment syndrome of forearm

-Failure to heal

-Healing in a non anatomic position

-Injury into the median nerve.

-Permanent restriction of the Elbow motion.

3. Which one of the following descriptors of a
diagnostic test is Influenced by the prevalence of the
disease being tested for :

-Specificity

-Sensitivity

-Accuracy

-Positive predictive value

-Reliability

4. A 43 years M admitted for Emergency Gastrectomey
present confusion on the 3rd post-Op day. complains of
lack of sleep due to cockroaches on the ceiling he is
noted to be flashed & tremelus by the nurses during
the day .. the most likely problem is :

-Post-Op Electrolites Inbalance

-Paranoid Schizophrenia

-Depression Psychosis

-Delerium Tremons

-Anoxic brain system

5. Pt. with known type II DM. treated with
Clorpropamide present to ED in comma .. blood sugar =
1 mmol / L. .. you give the Pt 1 ampule of D50W & the
Pt wakes up promptley . what is the next appropriate
management :

-Give another ampule then discharge.

-Give 2 ampules then discharge.

-Give another ampule then observe the pt for 6 h. in
the ED.

-Give one more ampule , admit the Pt. & start IV.
Glucose Infusion with frequent ongoing glucose
measurement

6. Pregnant 36 weeks with vaginal watery discharge ,
management :

-do sterile speculum exam

7. Barbiturate withdrawal = convulsion

8. Retrovarted uterus complain = asymptomatic

9. G5 P4 post-delivery, postpartum hemorrhage, most
likely cause is :

-Uterine atony

10. Anal skin tag in child associated with ,

-chronic Anal Fissure

11. Child with abdominal pain attacks , drowning his
legs up , mucouid bloody stool. Diagnosis ?

-Intussusception

12. 1st sign of foot gangrene is = rest pain

13. Pt. M pain in both lower limbs with week popletial
artery pulsation , management ?

transvertebral angiogram

14. basket ball player averted his ankle joint during
jumping at match , on Examination Pain with Increased
Various range. Management ?

-Repair ligament surgery

-Below knee cast

15. clean wound cut with laceration & incomplete
section of nerve , management ?

-Suture of wound Immediately

-Leave the wound open

16. pain on walking increase in 2nd & 3rd metatarsal
bone of forefoot. Diagnosis ?

-Stress fracture

-Sesamoid bone

17. Pt. 68 years going to elective surgery , he has 4
mo. history of chest pain & got same attack at night
before the day of surgery , what do u do ?

-Lignocaine before surgery

-Trinatreate during surgery

-Send him for ICU

-Postpone the operation & check function of the
coronaries

18. collage student F 20 years presented with lower
abdominal pain , PE bilateral lower abdominal
tenderness , febrile Vaginal exam : tender with
cervical mobilization , pregnant test (-). Diagnosis ?


-Acute salpengitis

-Ectopic pregnancy

-UTI

19. vaginal bleeding , stooped at the day of admission
, pregnancy test is (+) US shows empty uterus & left
adnexal mass. Diagnosis ?

-Ectopic pregnancy

20. young Pt with history of non productive cough but
clinically well .. C-X ray shows bilateral basal
Infiltration .. Diagnosis. ?

-Mycoplasma Pneumonia

21. Pt with Ulcer in sole of the foot , at 2nd & 3rd
metatarsal joint X Ray necrotic & destroyed part of
2nd & 3rd metatarsal bone .. what to do ?

-Radical debridment

-Above knee amputation

-Daily sterile dressing

-Oral antibiotic

22. Problem which cause most work days = back pain

23. Nicotinic skin patchy is contraindicated in:

-Pregnancy

-CVA

-Ischemic Heart disease

-Alcoholic

NB. (not sure)

24. Psychotherapy is superior to medication in:

-Schizophrenia

-Bipolar disorder

-Alcoholic withdrawal

-Dysthimia

25. mother worried about her child because of history
of myopathy in family .. what Investigation to be done
1st ?

-CPK

-Muscle biopsy

-Nerve biopsy

-EMG

26. Pt on Lithium therapy became weak, lethargic,
Intolerant to heat. what Investigation must be done ?

-Lithium level

-BP

-Thyroid Function test

27. surgical nurse 25 years old is concerned that she
is loosing her mind, for the past 6 months she is been
preoccupied with contamination, on his ward she has
been not touching any patient ,door knobs ...etc.

She was also washing her hand excessively, which of
the following treatments will help in reducing her
preoccupation and hand washing ?

-Fluxetine

-Lorazepam

-Perphenazine

-Insight-oriented psychotherapy

-Nifedipine

28. M 50 years with Prostatic Cancer with bone
metastasis. Treatment ?

radical prostatectomy

-Radiotherapy

-Hormonal therapy in the form of total androgenic
blockage

-IV chemotherapy

29. Pt with family history of urticaria, presented
with urticaria ... investigation revealed C1 esterase
inhibitor deficiency ... Diagnosis. ?

-Hereditary Angioedema

30. thickened upper Lt. lip with mild vesicles ...
Diagnosis ?

-Urticaria

-Angioedema

-HSV infection

31. Erithematous Vulva with whitish lesion of Candida
of Groin & Satellite lesions .. what is the
predisposing disease ?

-DM

-CA. vulva

-Lichen sclerosis

32. Pt with sudden cough & pain in the Rt. side of the
chest .. you suspect aspiration of foreign body ..
what finding of the C-X ray ?

-Hyperlucent Rt. side

33. Defrentiaion between Maxilary & Zigomatic
fractures ???????


Reply
#34
35. child chalking during eating .. he became
Cyanotic, agitated, with forceful breathing .. 1st
action to do is :

-Hit him from his back while head downward

-Introduce your finger in his mouth

36. 17 years F. at stage 3 Tanner still not menses ..
management ?

-Examination of the pelvis

-Chromosome analysis

-Estrogen Progesterone level

-Reassurance

37. asthmatic Pt. presented in the ER with Dyspnea ,
used to inhaled salbutamol with no Improvement.. PE
shows dyspnea slit rhonchi at the upper chest & neck
... management. ?

-IV. fluid + Aminophine

-Coricosteroids Inhaled

-Inhaled Salbutamol + IV hydrocortisone + IV Fluid

38. Alfa fetoprotein Increased in

-Menengomyelocele

-Renal Agenesis

-Down Syndrome

39. pt with abnormal pap smear .. what is the next
step ?

-Colposcopy

40. 60 years F. presented with 5 x 5 cm. adnexal mass
.. management. ?

-Surgery

-Chemotherapy

-Radiotherapy

41. Pt. found unconscious on the floor behind the bar,
alcoholic, ER agitated semiconscious ... PE shows
laceration on the head, all the limbs can be moved,
all the others are normal?what is your action?

-CT of the head

-IV. fluid + Observation

-Discharge

42. Pt. fail down from the 2nd floor on his back ..
the following will be part of the Initial management
EXCEPT :

-Cervical collar

-IV. fluid

-Spine X Ray

-Urinary catheter

43. tertiary prevention is

-Rehabilitation.

44. in the ER. young Pt treated with Procainamide his
BP. decreased to 8060 you tried another time with
Procainamide .. his BP. still decreasing .. what to do
?

-Benztropine

-Saline perfusion

-Digitalis

-Defibrillation

-Intubation

NB. the Pt. had Arrhythmia with hypertension (that™s
why we gave him procainamide) & because its not
decreasing we have to defibrillate him ...

45. F 23 years present with fibroadenoma of the Lt.
breast in the lower medial quadrant of the breast all
are possible EXCEPT :

-Give Estrogen

-Give Progesterone

-Fine needle aspiration will bring clear liquid

-Mammography can show abnormality

-1-Child 3years with swelling of scrotum. Testis can
be palpated through the swelling Fluctuant, painless.
Observed for few months. Translucent. Definitive
Management?

2- Question on probability- probability of finding one
disease is A and other is B. (Independent).
Probability on finding the 2 diseases in one pt.

a) AX B

b) A+B
Full term child. Birth weight 3000. Develops
respiratory distress. Xray shows air bronchogram.
Diagnosis
The growth of the Tumor following cycles

46. F. febrile with tumor in upper Rt. quadrant of the
anus .. the mass is painful & red .. what to do ?

hot bandages

-Cold sitz baths

-Surgery

-Systemic Antibiotics

-Topical Antibiotics

47. child with juvenile poliposis .. possible
complication :

-Diarrhea

-Painless bleeding

-Painful bleeding

-Malignancy (cancer)

-Non of the above

48. a mother brought hear 12 years daughter who
present repetitive UTI temp. 38.5 , IVP & cystography
are normal .. what is the best test to do :

-Urine culture

-US & voiding cystography

-Blood culture

-Cystoscopey

-None of the above

49. fibroadenoma of the breast what is false :

-The most common benign tumor

-Fine needle aspiration bring clear fluid

-True solid tumor

-Tumor easy to find because encapsulated

NB. check it alone

50. F pregnant 28 years .. with nocturnal numbness in
hands & forearm which wakes hear up for 3 months ..
she also have difficulty grasping objects .. what is
the most likely etiology ?

-Dermatomiosis

-Abruptio placenta

-Multiple sclerosis

-Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

-Hyperventilation syndrome

51. 72 years old with heart failure with high blood
pressure treated for long time. He was brought to E R
for hypotension 8060 HR 110, what to give ?

-Procaine

-Lidocaine

-Cardioversion

-Digitaline

-Furosemide

52. Post-op. of Pancreas .. what is the cause of
hypovolemic shock ?

-Initial necrosis of acute pancreatitis has produced
tripsine

-Septic shock

-Loss of liquids

-Side effect of anesthesia

NB. not sure

53. 68 years F. with history of Hysterectomy, came to
see u because of micturation trouble at effort, no
digestive trouble, she has a feeling of a painless
mass intravaginaly, she has to try twice in order to
void her bladder what is the diagnosis ?

-Rectocele

-Cystocele

-Prolapse (Prosedentia)

-Urethral sphincter spasm

-Post-surgical stricture

54. young M. feels sudden crack in his calf, what is
the best clinical sign to diagnose Achilles tendon
rupture ?

-Decreased dorsal flexion

-Impossibility to walk on the toes

-Increased passive dorsiflection of the foot

-Squeezing calf does not passively planter flex foot

55. farmer 74 years M. present with bilateral
semetrical neaurosensorial defenses , PE is normal .
diagnosis ?

-Autosclerosis

-Professional defenses

-Acustic neuroma

-Presbiacusis

-Circulatory deficit

NB. Most common cause of hear losing in elderly is
presbiacusis

56. F. 45 years with decreased visual acuity, no pain
, no tears. what do u exam first ?

-Tonometry

-Refraction

-Angiography

-Neurologic test

-Rheumatoid factor screening

57. Burned Infant 2nd degree in the upper limb, what
do u do ?

-Debrid & skin graft.

-Debrid & bandage

-Debrid & topic cream

-Clean the wound & systemic antibiotic

-Local care only

58. Cyclist attacked by bee comes to emergency with
hypotension 8060 , Heart rate 115 .. what do u do
first ?

-Antihistamine H1 & H2

-Saline perfusion

-Epinephrine Injection

-Intubation

-IV. steroid

NB. we also give it by subcutaneous or IM. & in
children IV or Endotracheal tube

59. child 5 years bitten by the neighbors dog .. the
dog received all the vaccines. what do u do ?

-Observe the dog 10 days & anti rabbi serum

-Observe the dog & anti rabbis serum & vaccine

-Kill the dog

-Vaccinate the kid

-Observe the dog

60. F. 28 years present with chronic rhinorrhea , in
the exam you found mucousal nasal atrophy .. diagnosis
?

-Sinusitis

-Cocaine intake

-Nasal poliposis

-Allergic rhinitis

61. F. 45 years back from a plane travel , complains
vertigo, tenitus, moderate hearing loss, BP is 160110
.. Diagnosis ?

-Hypertensive crise

-Miners disease

-Migraine

-Acustic neuroma

-Barotaruma

62. what is the most common cause of lung abscess in
post-Op pt.

-Bacterial discrimination from operative site

-Atelectasia

-Pneumonia

-Aspiration
Reply
#35
..man with prior history of recurrent calcium kidney stones; is hospitalized and passes another stone which was found to be composed of calcium; what do you do as the next step in treatment? -choices were -diuretics, advising the person with diet, I think, stuff like that. One of the choices was administering Furosemide, which is what I chose

pic of colonoscopy specimen next to diagram of colon w/ rectum circled; mentions neutrophils found in crypts;--but basically asks for dx; I chose ulcerative colitis (crohn™s was also a choice)

.pt presents w/ pain decreasing w/ meals; how would test for causative organism? I put urease breath test
..pt comes in after eating at chinese restaurant feeling nauseous, dizzy, and some other stuff; ques asks what could have caused this, and lists bunch of amino acids; I chose glutamate, thinking reaction to MSG
..fetus is found to have bilateral renal agenesis; what other features would be associated w/ this? I narrowed it down to anencephaly and pulmonary hypoplasia; ans is pulmonary hypoplasia, which I unfortunately didn™t put argh

..man presents w/ painful big toe; negative birefringent crystals found; was treated with diuretics for htn, I think, before this; painful big toe could™ve been prevented how? I put by administering something that inhibits xanthine oxidase (sorry, can™t remember the other choices)
..elderly lady presents w/ increasing difficulty getting up from seated position; find stiffness in range of motion in all directions w/upper extremities, or something like that; and then I think there was an intention tremor, but I™m not sure basically, the only 2 choices that made some sense to me were Parkinson™s and ALS; I put ALS (unfortunately, I can™t remember if there was any mention of cognitive deficits, but I don™t think there were sorry again!!)

..CT scan of head showing either crescent-shaped hemorrhage or biconcave disc hemorrhage; just know that crescent-shaped = subdural hematoma, and biconcave disc = epidural hematoma, and that epidural will have symptoms very quickly
.Problems w/ UV-light are caused by deficiencies in DNA repair (right?)
Pt w/ myasthenia gravis; what™s the effect on the postsynaptic neuron? I put something like, decreased EPP, or something like that; other choices dealt w/ amplitude in presynaptic/ postsynaptic neuron

.Deficits from damage to cerebellar vermis vs. hemispheres
Lesion is found on ventral root at L3; deficits would be seen where? At L3, below L3, above L3 I think I overanalyzed this one, ˜cause I put below L3 I™m thinking it was at L3
.Ques about differentiating pancreatic cancer from cirrhosis
..Pt has one kidney removed to donate to relative for transplant; 6 weeks later, what will GFR be? Choices included decreased by 10%, 20%, etc., or no change.
..Mother finds out she must deliver fetus before term; sphingomyelin:lecithin ratio is low; administering what will help baby? Ans was glucocorticoids, I think
..Couple are both carriers of hemoglobinopathy; hydrops fetalis was found in baby; what will RBC morphology be like? I put microcytic
Pt. found to have positive osmotic fragility test; may have listed some other stuff, but I put dx as hereditary shperocytosis
Pic of foot, w/ tendon torn that attached to lateral aspect of pinky toe; which muscle was affected?
.x-ray of hand w/ sharp object piercing between 4th and 5th fingers; which artery was affected?
.pic of an Ig asking which region is the constant region and variable region sorry

..young child presents w/ recurrent infections w/ s.aureus and aspergillus; negative nitroblue tetrazolium test; had all immunity injections; norm antibody levels; this is deficiency of what? I think I put oxidase deficiency;
..in fetal circulation, travelling from umbilical vein to heart, through which do you need pass? I put ductus venosus
in pt, observe medial border of scapula protruding when patient puts arms against wall; which nerve is damaged? Long thoracic nerve

pt w/ inability to use left arm; show pic of humeral head w/ tendon retracted from top of head; which muscle™s tendon was this? choices included suprasinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, teres major, and biceps; I think the answer™s supraspinatus

damage to recurrent left(?) laryngeal nerve will lead to weakness in what?
........hiatal hernia might also affect which structure passing through the diaphragm nearby? Thoracic duct and azygous veins were choices; can™t remember what I chose
..Pt presents w/ infiltrates in lungs; able to tell from exam when listening to lungs in left (or right?) mid-axillary line; which lobes are affected?
..Woman undergoes c-section; after procedure, can™t stop profuse bleeding; which artery may have been severed?

..Pt has poor repetition, good comprehension, and I think difficulty recognizing fingers, or something like that; qs asked for which area of brain may have been injured; looking at 1st Aid, I™m thinking arcuate fasciculus,

.Ques involving internuclear ophthalmoplegia “ woman has difficulty w/ lateral gaze and can™t converge eye that has difficulty w/ lateral gaze; which muscle was affected? Ans related to SO4, LR6, Couldn™t think of that mnemonic when I was taking the exam

..Pt undergoes surgery and falls into coma, w/ chance of normal survival very slim; no advance directives; upon speaking w/ family further, physician finds out that pt did not want to live in persistent vegetative state; doc then terminates life support; what kind of decision did physician make? Choices included: decision from limited resources, and some other one

Obese woman is chronically tired; husband reports that she is very loud snorer; can™t remember rest of the ques, but something to do w/ sleep apnea; may have been dx ques
.a ques involving narcolepsy and what kind of hallucinations are associated w/ the condition
.Ques involving delirium “ after surgery, patient is in and out of consciousness, hallucinating, and having illusions

..Child is constantly creating trouble in class; bullies other kids sometimes; will be able to be sustained in task where he has interest, though; dx? I think I put conduct disorder, but I™m not sure if that™s the answer

.Eating disorder ques can™t remember if it was anorexia or bulemia, but the question was asking for what could be a condition in the patient a lot further down the line in the future I think I put joint problems or something, but I can™t remember what the other choices were I just had no idea

.Whenever child cries, mother gives the child a treat to quiet him down; what kind of reinforcement is this? (or something like that)
Reply
#36
orotic acid which pathway
albright synd... whr is the defect?
turner synd how to concieve.....hcg...ivf
mutation in hyrophobic signal sequence....whr will be products accumulate....rer endosome
ant spinal artery occlusion
arnold chiari
thrombosis in MGN ...wat coz
dentine dyplasia whr protien accumulate
genetic imprinting
reyes synd patho in brain.....damage to cellular mito.
praider willi
thynic tumor
pic of lacerated wt type of wound....tearing wound.
pleotropy
moa of azathiioprin
mom o 'neg,baby o' pos, father's blood type?a 'pos or o ' neg.

A pt with Turner synd. Ask you about getting pregnant. What do you advice her? Oocyte transfer, IVF

-PT with numbness and tingling on dorsum of foot ankle reflex decreased, where is the lesion: L5S1 disc compression

..had a lot of ct scans and Mri.....but one thing I will emphasize that basic is critically important. e.g ...gen pharm. and gen patho is must.
..... qs about comp inhibitor with graph lots of lines crossing and had to identify the comp inhib.
...Q about efficacy of drugs on graph.
...q about bony defect on the back of newborn with tuft of hair on it=spina bifida
...again q about meningomylocele asking contents.
...hirshprung disease whts the cause of disease=failure of neural crest cell to migrate
...q about 40 yr old with 20 yr H/O type2 diabetes tingling and sensory prob in limbs=pripheral neuropath.
...young women with sudden knee joint swelling= trauma( septic arthritis was also given but it was asking sudden)
...occulomotor lesion in at least three qs.
...midddle cerebral artery lesion
...MRI of sp cord =subacute combined degeneration
...pt has accident and lost conciousness after 18 hrs. type of hamorrhage was asked.
...q about dysphagia even for liquids =achalasia.
...lots of neuroanatomy
...men1 =ret gene
...diabetic keto acidosis= what happen to oxygen dissociation curve, had to identify on graph
....acid base balanece graph in person with resp problem.
...tension pneumothorax ...signs and sypmtomps were given with Xray
...basal cell ca ....best treatment option?
...granulation tissue.... what day of wound healing
...a lot of immunology......genetics with konckout mice
...every block about 3 doc pt relation......
...Waldenstorm gglobulinemia
...gfr and rpf with efferent art const
...thyriod was asked the most in endo.

X-ray shown there is an artery on the right side and asked about it.
peronial nerve easy.
showed all the bracial plexues and asked to identify the nerve that getes effeted if there is a humurs neck is fratured
Vertical deplopia
cirlcel of willis diagram and asked which artery effected if the person legs are affected
major drift in influeneza and asked how it occured
A child has dermatitis since he started new school adn he rides his bikes to school and also plays in football feild after school and described as contact dermatitis, and asked i
1. caused becos he sweat when he is rides the bike
2. poison ivy form play gound
3. on the way to school becuse of sun i think it was
A man gets into an accident he had his 6 years old sun wiht him in the car, boy got contution on his head a some other injuries asked ,
was the boy on front seat
was he wearign a seat belt some ansewers liek that
You and a anesthalogist , something about gestric surgery and anestahogist said somethign about man being fat
do you talk to him in privat
talk to him when witness presant
do nothing
take him to the commite
Pku the boy is put on a diet and phenylalanin is under control what else should to test him for.
Lysch Nyhan: describe 7 years old boy, self mutilation, mental retardaion, what some enzyme si missing and wht will accumulat, Uric acid
Mcardles disease, no increas in lactic acid when the girls excersises: myophorylase.

A woman has rohmatoid arthritis she is given perdenosin, then you inc the does started to feel really weak,
predinosin side effect
chronic rohmatoid syndorm
some other choices
Described a man he had a strok showed 2 picture then he started to see some changes did say much about where and said one pic from 9 month ago one from now
and said what part of body t effect. and where

Seborrheic keratosis: "stuck on" appearance of this verrucoid appearing, pigmented lesion.
A woman taking ACE inhibitor has a dry cough which other medication would you give heir
Losartan
1.A 55y/o man came in to you clinic, he had blood in his unrine, his prostate is enlarged and firm, and there is a mass above his left kidney. Smoker fro 34 years, Whats your diag
1. pyelonephritis
2.prostitis
3. renal cell Ca
35, years old came in complaing that her shoes don™t fit her anymore, her jaw widened,a nd there is gap in her teeth, what hormoned is responsible for this,
1. somatostatin A
2. prolactin
3, eastrogen
4. GH
5. LH
3. A 34 years old and her husband come in to the clinic, they want to have a kid, the woman cannt get pregnant, there is nothing wrong with the woman and her husand all the level of hormone are normal, what cannt she get preg
1. I piked a choice where it said somtheing like she is PID in the past
4. A nurse came in with palpitation, complain god anxiety, heat intolerance, and she admitst that she is taking some pills to lose weight, and values of TSH, T4 and T3 and given, you dia
1. Hasimoto
2. factitious disorder
3. primary hyperthyroidis
3. Hypothyridism
5. A woman pre described having polyhydamnios whats risk in kid?
1. Renal agensis
2. Esophageal atresisa
somother choieces
6. A man came in with H. pylori you gave him, proton blocker
what is the PH in of stomach something like that

A woman came in with bloody diarrhea for 5 days, no travel history, she just got a dog and the dog like to lick her face organism causeign the diarrhea.
1. E.coli
2.campylobacter
3. Yersinia pestis

A man who came from berzil, had PPD negative then he has meseals a years later his PPD was positive.
MOA how it was positive

How does N. gonorrea cause the inf.
1. Endotoxin
2. capsule
3. pilus
4. flagellum
5. spores
Described Actinoyces : it was easy
How do you differentiate spcies with in Streptocouccus something like that.
1. coagulase
2. catalase
3. hemolysis

A older man came in with pneumonia , he recived tetnus vaccine 5 years ago..
Which vaccine should he be given

Osteoyelistis the described in a kid what sickle cells

Over expression of TNF- Alpha what will it cuuse in a mouse
MAC formation
Dec macroghages and IL-2
Dec T lymphocytes

A child got into accident and needs blood transfusion, he is has Ig A def which of the blood is contraindicated in him
A normal persons
Someone with Ig A def
And somother choices I don™t remember

MOA how methicillin causes Interstitial nephritis
A man taking procanamide get Lupus but it was a long Q give all sort of inf.
How does a organism becomes resistant to Amoxicillin, Cephlosprins and not
Aminoglycosisdes

A 18 years old develops rash all over his face, after he started a new acne medication, he has a sore throat and is also taking Medicaiton for that, then they gave some names of AB he is taking , and one of them was Tetracyclines so I picked that

A man has Aid and is infected with Pneumocytis carini and he wants to take something for proflaxis,
1. Ramfipin
2. TMP-SMx


A man just had PPD positive the drug with wich MOA should he be give: I picked dec synthesis of mycolic acid

A girls just developed dertophytoses, she is started on Terbinafin: MOA of this drug
1. Inhibit fungal enzyme squalene epoxides
A man with aids developes CMV he is given a medication: MAO of this medicartion

A man who have had a depression problem for past 10 years and tried 2 kill himself on two occasions, is broght by his neighbors because he cannt sleep he think his neighbors dog is in the you clinic and is going to bite you, what medication would you give him,
Atypical antipsychotic, pluexetine, amitriptyline, benzodiazephines

A boy is havig sezures and described it was partial complax
A man come in he is being treated for depression: Name of medication that is causeing urinary retention, tachycardia etc. I put amitriptyline.

A man got in to an accident broke a lot of rib bone and leg bones he give pain medication (morphine, and lorazepam) and after 30 min he is still in pain
1. Medicaiton is has short half life
2. increasead intolerance
som other choices

A man is on clopidogrel is should sid effect: Neuropenia

A man is under chemo why is allopurinole added to his regmine: inhibits uric acid formation.

A girl comes in with inflammation of medium-sized muscular arteries, involving renal and visceral, she is also positive for HBV, next step she is in pain, cyclophosphamide and coricosteriods weren™t in choirces, it was all the antinflammatories

A man™s hand were shown and Raynaud™s diseasse was described: what else he has; PSS
Described Kayser-Fleischer ring: and asked where is copper being accumulated
Tension Pnumpthorax explained and gave 5 xray and asked to pick one
Epidual hemaotoma
Pic of diardia lambila shown and aked what it cause: bloody diarrhea, malabsorption

Guys I Had atlead 15 Q just on 2nd messenger: there is a page in First AID G-protein linked 2nd messengers. Know it well. There were one line Q and confusing

Described a child with maple syrup urine disease, and asked what Vitmin should be given to him.
Also child with led poisoning what is accumulated in urine.
3 quesiton on Vit B12 asked what is in urin if def,

A boy with I dotn remember with what but if his spleen is remobved he will be susceptible to what kind of infections:
Transduciton descried

A 25 y/0 girl whith disseminated diseas with the constitutional symptoms rash on palms and soles.
Described VDRL, FTA-ABS medthod and asked about which one is positive I ma not sure
A man is acting strange, otherwise healthyand some an organism is found in his temporal lob:
2 Q on influenz virus and vaccine
What is nevever normal in a person flora: staphylococcuss, viridian, strep, TB, Ecoli
A12 diabetic boy is not taking his not taking is medication regulary :
1, involve in actively and dicuss with mother, some choices like that very confusing
A 34 y/0 college of you has strep throht, he asked u to give him some sample AB if you can because he is really busy and cannt see his physican. You response should be
1. œdo you think its strep throat
2. I m sorry you should see your physican
3. I will give you a AB until you see you physian
4. I will give penicillin for 10 day
How does cholestryramines work

A long Q about a man with high cholestrole and asked about which medication acts also like an anoxident

Described Torsades de pointes and asked about the medication caused it Sotalol was in the choices

Also gave Arachidonic acid sturcuter and asked where does asprin workd very werried Q
A man has asthma, diabetes and hypertention: what is contrindicatied
Albutrol
Propnolol
Cromolyn
Throphylline

How does Tomoxifens work they didn™t give he name but descriebed it
Why is mesna given along with cyclophosphamide
Renal cell Ca slid is hown and asked for risk factor: I put smoking, it was a har Q because they just showed the pic and said what cause this the slid was form Goljan so I knew
Guy I had 10 Q from breast ca I coundted all of them all slid were shown I didn™t really study breast ca and all of those are in goljan slides I just saw and know as goljan the location very hard Q and also asked about prognosis
Alcholic with pancreatic adenocarcinoma: pain readiating ot back
Shown x-rya and asked which of these is x-ray of a person with restrictive lung disaes
Also 1 Q about Emphysema described it.
A q about a girl has high ammonia concentration, OTC def

Interssusception: which seg most involved
Muliple myeloma: guys you had to know it by looking at slide and said what would you see in urine of this person:
Hurschsprung™s disease what would you see in the intestinal biopsy: missing ganglion
Described Gout and asked what kind of crystal would you c
Hemophila A confusing Q
DIC 2 Q

Hyperaldosterinism in a child it was very very confusing Q
Addision
Thymus missing what other sturtuer would be missing in this person
PTH is inc and phosprus dec y
Woman has polycystic kidney diease she at most risk of which cancer:
Ovarian, cervical, someother choices
Reply
#37
Woman has polycystic kidney diease she at most risk of which cancer:
Ovarian, cervical, someother choices
Hydatiformole in a woman was found 6 months ago now she presents with, basically they described coriocarcinoma

Non communicating hydorceplus: showed tumer blocking 3rd venticale
Which hormone is involved directly in formation of polycycyctic ovarian syndrome: LH, FSH, testestron, estrogen.
Ectopic pregnany described
Homeboxe gene abnormalties

Something wrong with Androgen-bindig proteins problem with what: sertoli cell, leydign cells, testosterone,
Co2 transport in tissues: what form is it in peripheral tissue: Bicarbonate
A Q about inc in Vita min D and what happens to ca, pth, phosphate
Ricket described in a child asked what caued it:
Ans another Q about Ricket what kind of bone would you C.
One Q how does bone get nutrients
Same Q form UW, if you constrict efferent arterioles what happens to RPF, GFR, FF
Also q form UW 3000kcal and 30 from protein: 200
Q with a women with diabeties has renal problem what medication should she be give to slow progression: ACE inhibitors ans
Q about baroreceptors: dotn remember exactly
PDA murmur described
An other one about senile purpura in old man not palpable: described senile purpura
A child has meningomycelocele what else would you C
Show 5 slide and asked which slid is sertoli cells
Adenoma polyp showed and asked for diag:
Described a man with burkitts lymphoma: asked what when worng: Translocation I got this wrong I was thinking apoptosis I donno b I houth it was follicular
Def of pyruvate kinase what would you c in urine
Hurler: what is accumulating
Petigery of Muscular dystrophy: very confusing ans Skew X promble I put everything else didn tmake sense
When insuling inc what other hormone inc I dotn remember the Q
A diabetic pt. comes in he excersies he is taking care what is complient what else shold you tell him : I put check you feet everyday
Sarcodoiss Q very long and confusing
Colon cancer APC
Billary cirrhosis: in a woman
A man with hepatocellular ca inc PT time what would you C: AFB



some questions posted by recent exam takers

1. what kind of receptor on bronchi?
beta adrenergic, Muscurinic receptor

2. bicornu uterus is due to
failure of fusion mullerian ducts

3. chornic pain syndrome , where is the defect?
4.60h/o head injury 10 year back, recurrent rhinorrhea, what's finding on CSF?
If no infection, normal CSF
5.h/o radiation exposure in neck........what cancer would develope
Papillary carcinoma of thyroid
6.what make unconjugate bilirubin water soluble--
conjugate?


7. something like that in my exam .......
as part of reserch by medical student , cardiac cell has Ap of + 60 mv firt time and + 30mv second time .......... why it's decrease in second time ......
a. student add more Na+ outside cell....
b. student remove the Na+ from outside cell.....
c. student add more K+ inside cell
d. student remove K+from inside cell

8. withdrawal from which of the ff substances is most likely to produce a life threatening syndrome in a person dependent on that substance?
A amphetamine
B cocaine
C heroin
D Methyphenidate
E secobarbital

9. clinical trials have suggested that retinoic acid can induce remission in pxs with acute promyelocytic leukemia/such remission is related to the abilty of retinoic acid to promote which of the ff
A differentiation of leukemic cells
B diffrentioaation of monocytes into macrophages
C generation of cytotoxic T lymphoctes
D Production of interferon
E repair of DNA

10. 42yr old man with pnuemoccal pnuemonia has acute fibrinous pleuritis.which of the ff proteolytic neymes is required to eliminate tthe exudate and restore normal anatomy?
a collagenases
b stromeolysin
c plasmin
d thrombin
e trysin
as i already gave 1 qs which i heard from 1 of my frnd the qs is
a female birth a baby who died soon after birth and her placenta was edematous ,she has another child who goes to day care.wat is the diagnosis of the child death
1 ebv
2 cmv
3 parvovirus
ans is parvovirus



Acellular lesion - diabetic nephropathy
Specific site of AG toxicity
ret gene association - which cancer - as a part of a vignette
recycling of Pyruvate - lactate - Cori cycle - enzyme inhibition what happens
new kind of osmotic diuretic --blah blah - just plugged in mannitol and I was ok - asked for s/e
thiazide and digitalis - s/e
pic of splenic infarct
corticosteroids and adhesion molecule synthesis in the form of graphs.
MOR for aminoglycosides - case scenario
Serum Na - Legionella
alpha 1-6 - debranching enzyme deficiency - shrouded in a scenario where there was labelled substrate
esophageal manometry of scleroderma
S100 antigen - melanoma
pic of basal cell carcinoma - risk factor in women
glyburide s/e
S-S bond important in nephrin
beta MSH - skin pigmentation - case scenario
clos botulinum, Werdnig hoffman - comparison scenario
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1. po260 pco2 55, Hb 15 what's the p50........
2. MOA ATP on allosteric enzyme...........
3. what kind of receptor on bronchi........
4.h/o polychythemia , what,s change on red pulp of spleen...
5.MOA of superantigen on septic shock.......
6. mutation on CAP ..........
7. length of mRNA is determine by what ............
8 . unlar nerve injury.
9.middle ligament calcification on x-ray.
10.cervical ribs on x- ray......
11.common perioneal nerve injury......
12. lekage of amniotic fluid case potter' s syndrome same as bilateral renal aplasia........
13. volvulus........
11 colon cancer ........
12 bicornu uterus is due to .........
13. h/o recurrent gonorrhea what the complication after 10 year ........
14.nucleus of teste on fig ...........
15. medial lemniscus on fig........
16 find corticospinal tract on medulla.......
17. chornic pain syndrome , where is the defect on CT....
18 . epidural hematoma which arteris...CT
19 lateral rectus muscle on saggital view on MRI..........
20.L5_ S1 herniation.......
21. disc degeneration.........
22. h/o child abuse and child die ...... whtat's the pathology on spinal cord............
23 h/ o parkinson , where is the lewys bodies located on fig.......
24. XII nerve injury........what's the finding........
25. 4,11 translocation......... i think it's AML........
26. pericardial fluid where shoud we put needle to drian fluid........
27.11,22 translocation , what;s the defect on heart......
28 mitral stenosis case......
29 aortic stenosis case .......
30. singla S2 heart sound , where is located on graph ........
31. ventricular tachycardia on ECG.......
32. cerival biospy .....cell have high nnuclear/ cytoplasm ratio but do not invade the basal membrane ........CIN.
33.separation of chromatid which phase ....
34. benifit of circumcission...........
35 persistant vatilline duct.........
36. zero orderkinetics.......
37. h/ of taking digoxin........what's chage on ECG........
38.B27 relation........
39.h/ o COPD........right shift curve in graph........is due to increase......... co2 ......... 2 3BPG............
40.budd- chiari syndrome........
41. case of endrometrosis.
42. HTN patient die suddenly, where is the lesion on brian......
43.case of fibroadenoma brest.........
44. case of brest abscess........what's the common bug.......
45.mutation on TATA box............
46. anticodon was given........ write the codon.....
47.digoxin toxicity in old age is due to......
48.MOA of amphotericin B.........
49. MOA of vinblastin......
50. S/e of bleomycin........
51.vit that given with methotraxate is.......
52.compatative inhabitor on graph.....
53.s/e of gancylovir
54 s/ e of AZT......
55. MOA of anstrazole......
56.MOA of sulfonylurea......
57.neutrophil migration is determine by what ........
58. s/ e of malaria drugs........
59.case of aseptic meningitis what's the finding on CSF.........
60h/o head injury 10 year back, recurrent rhinorrhea, what's finding on CSF......
61.gulf player weired mole on lower leg.......... what's the risk factor ...
62.case of neurofibromatosis........
63.clean wound on fig............ what's the healing process....
64. h/o alcohol taking ......patient is hypoglycemic 50% dextrose is given but patient still vomitting ..........what' s the next step of management ..........
65. what's effect of alcohol on gluconeogenesisi.
66.celiac sprue , duodenal biopsy done ........what's the other lab finding........... antibody to what.....
67. case of rota virus.........
68. case of measles .......
69. case of cerebral malaria........
70. case of streptococcus pyogne ......PSGN......
71. case of s.typhi.........
72.case of meningitis ........
72 . case of vWF defeciency.......
73.case of follicular lymphoma.........
74.case of AML.......
75. h/o radiation exposure in neck........what cancer would develope..........
76. embryo derivative of thymus which pouch.....
77. h/o autoimmuno disease ....remove the thymus.....
78. h/o die in utero in 22 weeks ..........what's defect on cytogenetics........they give placenta picture ........
79. case of turner syndrome.......
80. prevalance is 1/ 39000 what's the heterogygote frequency of child .......
81. weired pedegree .......i still don't know what they asking ......
82. epithelial lining of ureter........
83. mutation HMCII.........
84. Hb 5, polysegmented neutrophil,patient is dyspnea.......what's the next step of management ....... give boold or vit B12........
85. Hb7 / microcytic anemia ...... what's the next step of management .......measure ferritin or give iron.....
86.h/o poor nutration , fatty liver what 's the case .......
87. what make unconjugate bilirubin water soluble.....
88.stone on ureter what's effect on GFR......
89.left renal a. stenosis....what's effect on renin level.........
90 blcok the PTH recepter on kidney what's effect on PO4+, ca absorption on GI/ 1,25 dihydrocholicalciferol, . 91. hyperthyrodism........what's TSH/T4/T3........
92. grave's disease .......antibody to what .......
93. anorexa nervosa what's the FSH/ estrogen level............
94. estrogen produce by which cell ...........
95. spiderangioma is due to.....what excess on blood......
96.seminoma , lymph drian in where ....
97. h/ o hernia in early age ........what defect .......
98. left testicular vein drain in to.........
99. h/ o abortion on 12 week , beta_hCG increase ......what produce beta_ HCG........
100. MOA of Aspirin......
101. MOA of iburfen....
102. conjoined baby......what is the number of placenta / amniotic .......
103. h/o sudden headache , bood in CSF......... what's the the cause ........
104. case of temporal arteritis.......
105. pathological finding on PAN.......
106.pathology change after 48 hour in MI........
107 DOC acute gout.......
107.color of fluid in acute gout .......
108.NSAID resistance acute gout.........what's the next DOC......
109.recurrent kindey stone ........ which amino acid should add in diet....
110.suger burn smell in urine ........ which amin acid metabolism defect ........
111.what's the case of anemia in lead poisoning......
112 ????+ glycin -------.> hema
113.h/o insulin producing tumor ,glucose is 20 ..........what's the effect on fasting ............they give whole glycolysis chart .........
114.warfarin toxicity.........next step of management .........
115 second messanger on hemorragic shock........
116. how many glucose need to produce one fatty acid ......
117.h/o epigastric pain , does not responce to pain medicine ...........what's the next step of management ........
118. site for peritoneal dialysis.......
119. case of BPH.......
120. case of cor pulmonale ........
121. size of partical that can remove by mucocilliary mechanism........
122. h/o pacemaker replacement .........does PR interval always same......
123.h/o chines, pharyngeal carcinoma...........what's the case ..... tobao or EBV.........
124. pathology change on acute rejection ......
125. h/ o DM they give both kideny an ask what' s the pathology ..........papillary necrosis.......
126. case of transitionl cell carcinoma........ they give 6 fig of urinary system with different shape and size and ask which one is due to trasitiona cell carcinoma...........
127. case of delirium .......
128 case of schizhophrenia.......
129. case of displacement ........
130. case of VSD......
131. nurse give h/o hematuria and back pain..........there is no assotiation between pain and hemature later she threat to sue to doctor...........choices is facticious /antisocial.............
133. patient came to ur office with his dog...........what's ur responce before he enter the examination room.........
134.h/o diarrhea an vominting what's the MOA .......they give new bug something .................hydrophillia..........
135. case of H. influenza........
136. 8 year kid h/ o asthma.......... patient do not want to quite the smoking ............so, what's the next step of advise regarding to smoking.........
140. h/o anurea after riding bicycle (saddle injury ) where is the lesion........
141. drugs work in dista tubule.......
142. damage of pituitary stalk ........what increse.......
143. antipsychotic drugs work in which receptor .......
144. moa of BUSPIRON........
145. h/o hemorrhoids............what's the DOC ........
146.S/o TCA.........
147 h/ o depression after surgery what's the DOC.......
148. case of Osteogenic imperfecta...........
149.case of mycoplasma pneumonia..........
150. h/ o seizure multipal calcification on CT ...... subcutenious oval shape bump.........so, what's the bug.......
151. 75 year old man lower back pain .......osteoblastic errosion ....what's the case of pain.............

1. visual problem and prolactin???hypothalamus or infundibulum,,,choose infundi

Hyperprolactinaemia caused by compression of the pituitary stalk (infundibulum)

Hyperprolactinaemia may be caused by either disinhibition (e.g. compression of the pituitary stalk or reduced dopamine levels) or excess production from a prolactinoma (a pituitary gland adenoma tumour).

2. for terminationg pr synthesis,,,,atp,gtp.cgmp,catp
for terminatin protein synthesis energy req in the form of atp ?
no its gtp

The mRNA Signal
STOP Codons: UAA, UAG, or UGA, There are no tRNAs that recognize the STOP codons UAA, UAG, or UGA.
----Soluble Protein Release Factors
RF1 responds to UAA or UAG
RF2 responds to UAA or UGA
RF3, a GTPase (like EF-Tu and binds in a similar A-site location)
RF1/RF2 interact with RF3-GTP, have a similar shape as EF-Tu-GTP-aa-tRNA or EF-G, and bind in a similar ribosomal site (A-site). In a manner similar to EF-G, GTP hydrolysis drives the movement of the terminal mRNA codon into the P-site, moving the last tRNA into the E-site and off. At the same time, the polypeptide chain is released after hydrolysis of the tRNA-peptide bond.
In eukaryotes, only a single release factor, eRF, is necessary. It recognizes all three STOP codons and interacts with GTP.
A mutation resulting in a premature STOP codon is called a nonsense mutation.
Elongation consists of three distinct steps to add one amino acid
Requires three elongation factors: EF-Tu/EF-Ts and EF-G
Requires two GTPs per cycle (4 phospharyl bonds)
Occurs many times per polypeptide
The elongation cycle is similar in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Fast: 15-20 amino acids added per second
Accurate: 1 mistake every ~10,000 amino acids
Termination results in the release of the polypeptide chain
Requires one of the three STOP codons: UAA, UAG, or UGA.
Requires RF1 or RF2, and RF3 in prokaryotes (eRF in eukaryotes)
Requires one GTP
Each step of protein synthesis (initiation, elongation and termination) requires GTP
3. in aat defic in emphysema,,,,defect in lower lobe

1/pansystolic murmur(ASD.VSD. PDA)
2/transposition OF GREAT VESSELS(h/o 1day old baby cyanotic...)
3/staright easy qs abt deliruim
4/h/o holo systolic murmur....ans MIT REGURGITATION
5/a baby born and died (mother has h/o oligohydroamnios) ....in autopsy .....kidneyagenesis...what other finding?ans pulmonary hypoplasia.
6/ aortic regurgitation....it was an easy qs.
7/h/o autoimune hemolytic anemia........postive combs test was there.it was straight qs actually
8/h/o 3 pain one sexual prob thou it was big history ......ans somatization disorder
9/a women she always in hurry,worry abt lot of things abt her parents abt kids and ....call her hubb.... that he safely reached his office....ans generalized anxiety disorder
10/ h/o ADHD ASKING ABT MEDICATION....I CHOOSE MEtAMPHATEMNIE.
11/MOA ibuprofen
12/megalablastic anemia....actually it was h/o a patient who was on chemo agent so they were asking abt which vit defciency coz ........so ichoose megalablastic anemia
13/ h/o alcholic ......Rx B1
14/alziemer pat .....describing abt wasting it was long history thou....ans kwashoirkor
15/14 yr old kid ...dose nt want a read ,but he is good in science geography, play games ,he was active drug screen negative,,but he just dont want a read.....there r chosie but i choose 'normal 'coz teen agers,they dont want aread,and other choicees dosent match with history either.
16/ effernt arteriol constricted.....so i choose FF inc GFR inc but renal plasma filo decreease .u can chk in FA the same thing is thr.
17/there is h/o of grandfather ....thr her grand daughter she was giving all the history sho din let granda to ans doc qs ,so wat ur response i choose....tell lady to go out so doc can directly ask qs to the patient.
18/ hypertensive patient....on salt restriction.....he came for follw up...he said doc i don like taste of my food....wat ur response....thr r cpl of reponse but i choose..... give him pocket guide of salt restiction menu....
19/ h/o immigrant kid KOREA n...cant speek english....translator hired....thr r some h/o coin lesions on the bak of kid...wat ur response.....i choose....ask transalator to ask mother abt coin practice ...the qs abt folk medicine.
20/ h/o ASD(IN HISTORY fixe split s2...)
21/h/o photosenstivity.......side effect...doxycyclin.
22/ thr is a history....pat was on methotrexate...prednisone...they wr asking abt wat shld we need to ad more...... i choose cox 2 inhibitor coz... prdnisone increaase expression of cox 2 so patient can have inflammatory side effects thats the reason i choose cox 2 i dont know its right ans or not.
23/h/o nulligravida.......risk of...ans endometrial CA
24/in clinical study ...if u find a pt with MI wat u will find in ECG....i choose st segment depreesion,,,i look for st segment elevation but i din find so i end with this ans.
25/h/o married couple they were tring to have baby since 2 months,ther sexual practise normal,,they both have orgasm normal, but they fight abt the baby prob so coz of it women is depress but at work she is normal.......a sexaul arousal prob,b dysthymia, c some sexual prob i don remmebr.but i choose dysthymia .i don no its ryt or rong.
26cohort
26/methoterexate
27/h/o plantar fascitis ....pt was casher ...tenderness sole of foot from heel to front..
28/h/o long trem pain prob....had gone thru lots of dignostic measures but stil have same prob.....came to doc saying i thing u r fooling me...wat ur response......a. u can switch other doc,,b i will refer to pscycgh...c, i am doing alll appropriate measures in order... this one i choose
29/2 qs abt acid base
30/ patient was on high alltitude.....now at sea level wat will be PO2,PCO2,and PH.
31/INSULIN qs.....h/o post prandial it was in grapl
32/secretin in graph
33/pt have prob in swallowing ....had surgerythoracic....mass in mediastinum ,,,removed...wat will intact after surgery.a.lower esophageal sphincter response..some more choices i don remmeber.
34/a pt hit by a truck...rear.......?a.direct injury.d hyperextension injury,,c hypoextension ..i choose direct ..
35/8 yr bouy had accident ....sitting front....got multiple fracture,,,no hope of survival....wat ur respone to parents.a. it must be moral 4 u guys.
thr some more but stupid ans,,,,i choose the one which has assurance i dont remmber the choice .
36/77 yr old lady was on dialysis since 10 yrs she was tired of it want no more... but she was asking that am i have painful death wat ur response...............u will have some fluid retention but we r here we l do our best possible to alleviate ur problem.
37/chlamadia
38/oxidase pos....psedomonas
39/latral pontine syndrome
40/clozapine toxi
41/occulomotor 2 qs
42/hemisection cord 2 qs
43/UMN lesion
44/upper quadrantopnia....middle cerebral artery
45/picI...arrow was on choroidal artery
46/cerebral artery
47/antihistamine 2 qs
48/teenager boy who was normal,play with friends often,but now mother complaing that he sleeps althe time.not playing with pals,no dru abuse wat RX a chlodiazepoxide b flostine.c resperidone
49/ ANS MEDUIM CHAIN (MCAD)///NO KETONE BODIES
50/ urine methylmalonic acid......
51/tb patient orange yellow urine....sweat...eyes...ans rifampin
52/qs 19 yr old house....urine inc ALA
51/cholyStyramin MOA
52/LDL receptor easy history
53/46 yr old male crying that i will die early like my father?wat ur response/....i choose tell me abt ur father ....how he died.
54/dabetic pt not taking care....follow up vist wat ur response......ii choose tell me wat u know abt dibetes
55/another diabetic patient ,,taking good care of diabetes,,exersice daily....wat ur advise in end
a.pres vit E.,b fish oil.,c check ur feet every day.
56/kidney stone pat ....wat advice u will give
57/obese diabetic pt wat treatment....a,insulin....,b,glyburide,....cmetformin
58/obese pt ...gall stone...u find in ultrasound...wat wiill be next mangement.a.uricodxycolic acid.b,open stomech remove stone.,c endoscopic removal
59/chrons Rx..salfasalzine
60/chemo pt nausea vomiting...rx ondansatren'
61/moa thiazoide
62./in er pt have mi wat tx... nitrogylycerine. b beta blocker. c dgixin
63/broad ligament of uterus
64/alcholic......acut pancreatitis
65/marfan pt....cystic medil necrosis
66/substance abuse........all nihgt dancing....ans majuana
67/xray fracture arrow on navicular bone(which i did rong i m upset i knew tat but still picked wrong)
68/xray/....sholder......arrow on biceps brachi
69/wiskot aldrich
70/LB4
71/side effect of EFAVERINZE(rash history)
72/bcl2.....folicular lymphoma
73/blast crisis........cml
74/obese pt sleep apnea.......dignosiss?how
75/ca mechanism ON SR
76/colon CA ....MISMATCH REPAIR
77/membranous glomerulonephritis
78/pt ANA positive... ig G,C3 DEPOSIT....good pature..acute gn
79/women ...4 wt loss.....which drug.....amphatemine
80/ADH SOME GRAPH ON IT
81/sarcodosis...noncaseating granuloma
82/primaquin moa
83/MIF (MULLERIN INHIBITORY FACTOR)MUTATION.......
84/qs abt renin ....graph
85/no spleen....risk.... strep pnemon..
86/77 yr pt which vaccine......i choose hinfulenza vaccine&
pnemo vaccine

87/seminoma
88/staph /strep....ow diff ....ans catalase
89/p value was less then 1.....a.rejection of true null hypothesis.,b tejection of false null hypothesis
90/tuberssclerosis
91/compititive inhibitor graph
92/h'/o paranoid
93/plasmid bacteria.........antibiotic resistance
94/dorsal plantar arch
95/cor pulmo.......S3
96/benzo......MOA
97/polyuria ...which drug....lithium
98/pt feeding milk......dry vagina.....y?a.prolactin,more choice i don rember
99/rx vit k in warfarin tox
100/factor 2 def.......whr prob.......liver,heart,lung,breast
101/GnRH.....RX IN....
102/estrogen......ingraph
103/sildenafil side effect
104/allupurinol moa
105/cycloserine moa
105/copd pt .......in graph
106/asking to calculate stroke volume
107/fibrocystic change......with cycle
108/3 qs on lober pnmo
109//acute pancreatitis....coz....gall stone
110/ketone bodies...............beta hydroxybutyrate
111/slide of bone formation
112/ribosomal rna synthesis
113/osteogenesis imperfecta........procollagen prob
114/qs abt st jhon wart medication
115/asprin toxi....rx
116interferon moa
117/calculate mean...in graph describing kids having uti.
118/thr was control grp versus disease in grph ...which one have 5 yr more survival then control.
119/elongation step in tranlation
120/moa ondinavir
121/HTLV1
122/injury at L5
123/HARDY WEIN BRG.....1/1000...SOME THIN LIKE TAT
124/WERD PIC ASKING ABT WHR BACTERIA IS INFECTING.
125/CALCULATE TOATL BODY WATER
126/XRAY/KNIFE...NEAR RT VENTRICAL OF HEART
127/HOMEO BOX MUTATION...INSTEAD HEAD LEG ...SOME WEIRD THING
128/ALLOTYPE DIAGRAM
129/INH TOX


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#38
some useful links

http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/ORGAN.html


http://professional.diabetes.org/Multimedia_List.aspx

here is another one.....

http://www.wiley.com/legacy/college/boye...bolism.htm


Reply
#39
brachial plexus or sciatic plexus injuries
knee/ankle joint x rays with ligaments pointed out.
ct scan of the thorax and abdomen
visual pathway defects
embryology clefts arches and pouches.
in genetics read the flow chart at the end of single gene disorders in kaplan lecture notes.
sensitivity specificy and predictive values
aldosterone cortisol hormone synthesis pathway defects
catalase coagulase and beta hemolysis reaction differences in streptococci differences in neisseria and differences based on motility and fermentation in enterococci
aids defining complex which diseases dominate in relation to cd4 count
important interferons and the their origin
binding sites on immunoglobulin for macrophages and complement
complement defeciencies
coagulation pathways.
autonomic drugs classification
schizophrenic sub types
autosomal trisomies and turners and klinefelter's
amino acid metabolism defects
glycogen metabolism(enzyme def branching debranching)
fatty acid metabolism def..lcad enzyme def
urea cycle
citric acid cycle intermediates which use vitamins and co factors
zero and first order kinetics potency and efficacy


Hox transcription factors and their elusive mammalian gene targets
T Svingen and K F Tonissen

BACK TO ARTICLETable 1. Current list of mammalian Hox gene targets
Figure and tables index
Hox protein +/- Target Species Reference
Hoxa2 - Six2 Mouse Kutejova et al (2005)
Hoxa5 + p53 Mouse Raman et al (2000a)
HOXA5 Human
HOXA5 + Progesterone receptor Human Raman et al (2000b)
HOXA5 + Pleiotrophin Human Chen et al (2005)
HOXA5 + IGFBP-1 Human Foucher et al (2002); Gao et al (2002)
HOXA10
HOXB4
Hoxa9 - Osteopontin Mouse Shi et al (1999, 2001)
Hoxc8
HOXA9 + EphB4 Human Bruhl et al (2004)
HOXA10 + p21 Human Bromleigh and Freedman (2000)
HOXA10 + 3-Integrin Human Daftary et al (2002)
HOXA10 - EMX2 Human Troy et al (2003)
Hoxa10 + IGFBP-1 Baboon Kim et al (2003)
Hoxa13, Hoxd13 + EphA7 Mouse Salsi and Zappavigna (2006)
HOXB1 + COL5A2 Human Penkov et al (2000)
Hoxb3 + TTF-1 Rat Guazzi et al (1994)
Hoxb5 + SPI3 Mouse Safaei (1997)
Hoxb5 + Flk1 Mouse Wu et al (2003)
HOXB7 + BFGF Human Carè et al (1996)
Hoxb8 - N-CAM Mouse Jones et al (1992)
Hoxb9 + N-CAM Mouse Jones et al (1992)
Hoxc8 ? mgl-1 Mouse Tomotsune et al (1993)
Hoxc13 - Keratins Mouse Tkatchenko et al (2001)
Hoxd10, b6, b7, b9, c8 + Renin Mouse Pan et al (2004)

The list contains likely Hox gene targets and the Hox protein responsible for the trans-regulatory effect. The (+/-) symbols represent either a positive or negative regulatory effect on the target gene and (?) symbol indicates an unknown effect. Also, note that although there is some experimental evidence to suggest all are likely direct gene targets, not all have been exclusively verified of being so through in vivo experiments. The corresponding reference(s) for each gene target is also shown.


PAX genes are a family of transcription factors essential to the genesis of a variety of tissues and organs. Mutations leading to a loss of function in PAX3 are found in people with Waardenburg Syndrome indicating that PAX3 is necessary for the correct formation of caudal neural crest derivatives and for the migration of myoblasts into the limbs. Mutations of PAX3 leading to gain of function when fused with the FKHR gene (another transcription factor) are associated with alveolar rhabdomyosarcomas.

Pituitary-specific transcription factor (Pit-1) binding site in the human renin gene 5'-flanking DNA stimulates promoter activity in placental cell primary cultures and pituitary lactosomatotropic cell lines.

A Pit-1 binding site in the human renin gene promoter stimulates activity in pituitary, placental and juxtaglomerular cells.


The mouse Hoxd13(spdh) mutation, a polyalanine expansion similar to human type II associated with synpolydactyly (SPD), disrupts the function but not the expression of other Hoxd genes.

Hox10 or Hox11 paralogous group are disrupted provide evidence that these Hox genes are involved in global patterning of the axial and appendicular skeleton.

In the absence of Hox10 function, no lumbar vertebrae are formed. Instead, ribs project from all posterior vertebrae, extending caudally from the last thoracic vertebrae to beyond the sacral region.

In the absence of Hox11 function, sacral vertebrae are not formed and instead these vertebrae assume a lumbar identity.

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#40
how long would it take to do all these..???
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