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NBME#2 block 2 Q1-----------Q50 - maryam2009
#11
Q10.E
Verrucae ....Wart

A wart is generally a small, rough growth, typically on hands and feet but often other locations, that can resemble a cauliflower or a solid blister. They are caused by a viral infection, specifically by human papillomavirus
It is possible to get warts from others; they are contagious. They typically disappear after a few months but can last for years and can recur.
varying in shape and site affected, as well as the type of human papillomavirus involved.
Common warts - HPV types 2 and 4 (most common)
Cancers and Genital dysplasia - "high-risk" HPV types are associated with cancers, (cervical cancer and can also cause some vulvar, vaginal, penile, anal.High-risk: 16, 18 (cause the most cervical cancer)

Wikipedia


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#12
Q11.C
case control study measures with Odds ratio........a/b/c/d=ad/bc

Q12.E
............pyrovate carboxylase........PEP carboxykinase
Pyrovate.................>Oxaloacetate..........................>phosphenolpyrovate.....>.....>.....>Glyceraldeyde 3-p...>fructose-6-p......>Glucose-6-p....>Glucose
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#13
Q13.B

ADH vasopressin

Hormones known classically as posterior pituitary hormones are synthesized by the hypothalamus. They are then stored and secreted by the posterior pituitary into the bloodstream.

Hormone Other names Symbol(s) Target Effect Source
Oxytocin - OT Uterus, mammary glands Uterine contractions; lactation supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei
Vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone) Arginine vasopressin, argipressin, antidiuretic hormone VP, AVP, ADH Kidneys or Arterioles Stimulates water retention; raises blood pressure by contracting arterioles, induces male aggression supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei

Wikipedia
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#14
14.A
Coeliac disease is an autoimmune disorder of the small intestine that occurs in genetically predisposed people of all ages from middle infancy onward. Symptoms include chronic diarrhoea, failure to thrive (in children), and fatigue, but these may be absent, and symptoms in other organ systems have been described.
Almost all coeliac patients have the variant HLA-DQ2 allele.

Villous atrophy and malabsorption
The inflammatory process, mediated by T cells, leads to disruption of the structure and function of the small bowel's mucosal lining and causes malabsorption as it impairs the body's ability to absorb nutrients, minerals and fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E and K from food.

Wiki
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#15
15.A
Prevalence of vitamin K deficiency in cystic fibrosis
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#16
15.continous
The function of vitamin K in the cell is to convert glutamate in proteins to gamma-carboxyglutamate (gla).

Within the cell, vitamin K undergoes electron reduction to a reduced form of vitamin K (called vitamin K hydroquinone) by the enzyme vitamin K epoxide reductase . Another enzyme then oxidizes vitamin K hydroquinone to allow carboxylation of Glu to Gla; this enzyme is called the gamma-glutamyl carboxylase or the vitamin K-dependent carboxylase. The carboxylation reaction will only proceed if the carboxylase enzyme is able to oxidize vitamin K hydroquinone to vitamin K epoxide at the same time; the carboxylation and epoxidation reactions are said to be coupled reactions.

16.D
Katanger 's syndrome
immotile cilia due to a dynein arm defect.........cause male and female infertility
bronchioectasia,recurent sinusitis.
associated with sius inversus

17.B

The most common cause of chronic pancreatitis is many years of heavy alcohol use. The chronic form of pancreatitis can be triggered by one acute attack that damages the pancreatic duct. The damaged duct causes the pancreas to become inflamed. Scar tissue develops and the pancreas is slowly destroyed
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#17
18.B
oblique abdominal muscles
One of the powerful rotator muscles of the spine whose fibers run obliquely to the long axis of the body. Contribute to spinal movement by compressing the stomach organs and flexing the spine.

19.D

Pleural effusion is excess fluid that accumulates in the pleura, the fluid-filled space that surrounds the lungs. Excessive amounts of such fluid can impair breathing by limiting the expansion of the lungs during respiration.

The following mechanisms play a role in the formation of pleural effusion:

•Altered permeability of the pleural membranes (eg, inflammation, malignancy, pulmonary embolus)
•Reduction in intravascular oncotic pressure (eg, hypoalbuminemia, cirrhosis)
•Increased capillary permeability or vascular disruption (eg, trauma, malignancy, inflammation, infection, pulmonary infarction, drug hypersensitivity, uremia, pancreatitis)
•Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure in the systemic and/or pulmonary circulation (eg, congestive heart failure, superior vena cava syndrome)
•Reduction of pressure in the pleural space, preventing full lung expansion (eg, extensive atelectasis, mesothelioma)
•Decreased lymphatic drainage or complete blockage, including thoracic duct obstruction or rupture (eg, malignancy, trauma)
•Increased peritoneal fluid, with migration across the diaphragm via the lymphatics or structural defect (eg, cirrhosis, peritoneal dialysis)
•Movement of fluid from pulmonary edema across the visceral pleura
•Persistent increase in pleural fluid oncotic pressure from an existing pleural effusion, causing further fluid accumulation
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#18
20.A

Atropin is a muscarinic antagonist

Pyridostigmine is a parasympathomimetic and a reversible cholinesterase inhibitor. Since it is a quaternary amine, it is poorly absorbed in the gut and does not cross the blood-brain barrier, except possibly in stressful conditions.
Pyridostigmine is used to treat muscle weakness in people with myasthenia gravis.
Common side effects include
Sweating
Diarrhea
Nausea
Vomiting
Abdominal cramps
Increased salivation
Tearing
Increased bronchial secretions
Constricted pupils
Facial flushing due to vasodilation
Erectile dysfunction

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#19
for 20 additional point - physostimine is one which croses BBB and much effective in rx of atropine overdose
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#20
21- e
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sensor...nculus.png
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