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q16--
Relative risk == incidence among exposed / incidence among nonexposed
In q incidence among exposed will be 1 person with acive Tb in 100 PPD test ie 1/100 =0.01
and incidence among nonexposed means 1 person with active tb in10000 negative PPD test 1/10000 =0.0001
RR=0.01/0.0001
RR= 100
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q17- EE type I error is given by p value
here p value is 0.1 that means there is 10 % chance that watever we observed on experiment is just by chance
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q 18--sigmoid colon will go to inferior mesentric
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q 19 - infectious mononucleosis
pthophysiology--
Infectious mononucleosis occurs with infection by the Epstein-Barr virus.
The virus replicates first within epithelial cells in the pharynx (which causes pharyngitis, or sore throat), and later primarily within B cells (which are invaded via their CD21). The host immune response involves cytotoxic (CD8-positive) T cells against infected B lymphocytes, resulting in enlarged atypical lymphocytes (Downey cells).
A similar condition can be caused by cytomegalovirus, but that one gives a negative on heterophile antibody test.
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q20- bbb
post chemo neutropenia also known as febrile neutropenia rx is by colony stimulating factors.
It is a glycoprotein, growth factor and cytokine produced by a number of different tissues to stimulate the bone marrow to produce granulocytes and stem cells. G-CSF then stimulates the bone marrow to release them into the blood.
G-CSF also stimulates the survival, proliferation, differentiation, and function of neutrophil precursors and mature neutrophils. G-CSF regulates them using Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) and Ras /mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) signal transduction pathway.
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q21-cc
The reticular activating system (RAS) is an area of the brain (including the reticular formation and its connections) responsible for regulating arousal and sleep-wake transitions.
The RAS is composed of several neuronal circuits connecting the brainstem to the cortex. These pathways originate in the upper brainstem reticular core and project through synaptic relays in the rostral intralaminar and thalamic nuclei to the cerebral cortex.
Several areas traditionally included in the RAS are:
Midbrain Reticular Formation
Mesencephalic Nucleus (mesencephalon)
Thalamic Intralaminar nucleus
Dorsal Hypothalamus
Tegmentum
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WHY NOT 21 -A INSOMNIA ??SINCE INV IN SLEEP WAKE CYCLE ?
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22 AA
--upper trunk injury or erbs paralysis -
affects
1-axillary nerve-- abduction of shoulder and lateral rotation lost [deltoid and teres minor muscle]
2-suprascapular nerve -supraspintous muscle -abduction at shoulder lost
infraspinatous -lateral roation lost at shoulder lost
3-musculocutaneous nerve -innervates the Coracobrachialis, Biceps brachii, and the greater part of the Brachialis.
causes weakness of elbow flexion & supination of the forearm.
in erbs paralysis - arm medially rotated ,adducted ;
forearm extended and pronated -waiters tip deformity
other options
E- lower trunk -loss of all muscles of forearm and hand
sign -combination of ''claw hand'' and ''ape hand ''; may include horner syndrome
D - middle trunk
B radial nerve
c-median nerve
