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nbme 5 block 2 -q1 to q 50 - drona99
#11
it is okay.

8.D
Transposons are sequences of DNA that can move or transpose themselves to new positions within the genome of a single cell. The mechanism of transposition can be either "copy and paste" or "cut and paste". Transposition can create phenotypically significant mutations and alter the cell's genome size

Genetic recombination is a process by which a molecule of nucleic acid (usually DNA, but can also be RNA) is broken and then joined to a different one. Recombination can occur between similar molecules of DNA, as in homologous recombination, or dissimilar molecules, as in non-homologous end joining.
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#12
you know,it is almost 4:00AM, (:O
7.DDDDDDDDD
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#13
9.B
A granuloma is therefore a special type of inflammation that can occur in a wide variety of diseases. Macrophages (also known as histiocytes) are the cells that define a granuloma

Infections that are characterized by granulomas include tuberculosis, leprosy, histoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, coccidioidomycosis, blastomycosis and cat scratch disease.

Examples of non-infectious granulomatous diseases are sarcoidosis, Crohn's disease, berylliosis, Wegener's granulomatosis, Churg-Strauss syndrome, pulmonary rheumatoid nodules and aspiration of food and other particulate material into the lung.

sarcoidosis image:

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/co...ma_20x.jpg

Tuberclosis image:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/co...ran10x.jpg

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#14
10.CC....

11.EE
Streptococcus pneumonia.....alpha hemolytic,,,,,Capsule (+quellung),,,,,,OPTOCHIN SENSITIVE,BILE SOLUBLE.

Viridans streptococci,,,,,s.Mutans,,,,,no capsule,,,,OPTICHIN RESISTANCE,NOT BILE SOLUBLE
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#15
maryam check ur mail plz
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#16
12.EE

There are four major stabilizing ligaments of the knee : the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments (ACL and PCL, respectively), and the medial and lateral collateral ligaments (MCL and LCL, respectively).

The MCL spans the distance from the end of the femur (thigh bone) to the top of the tibia (shin bone) and is on the inside of the knee joint. The MCL resists widening of the inside of the joint, or prevents "opening-up" of the knee.

the ligament is usually injured when the outside of the knee joint is struck. This force causes the outside of the knee to buckle, and the inside to widen. When the MCL is stretched too far, it is susceptible to tearing and injury. This is the injury seen by the action of "clipping" in a football game.

LCL...Rounded, more narrow and less broad than the medial collateral ligament, the fibular collateral ligament stretches obliquely downward and backward from the lateral epicondyle of the femur above, to the head of the fibula below. In contrast to the medial collateral ligament, it is fused with neither the capsular ligament nor the lateral meniscus Because of this, the lateral collateral ligament is more flexible than its medial fellow, and is therefore less susceptible to injury.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gray348.png

PCA connects the posterior intercondylar area of the tibia to the medial condyle of the femur. This configuration allows the PCL to resist forces pushing the tibia posteriorly relative to the femur.

The function of the PCL is to prevent the femur from sliding off the anterior edge of the tibia and to prevent the tibia from displacing posterior to the femur. Common causes of PCL injuries are direct blows to the flexed knee, such as the knee hitting the dashboard in a car accident or falling hard on the knee, both instances displacing the tibia posterior to the femur.

The posterior drawer test is one of the tests that detect the PCL injurey.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Knee_diagram.svg

ACL tear is often sports-related. They may have felt a "pop" in their knee, and the knee usually gives-out from under them.
The ACL attaches in front of the intercondyloid eminence of the tibia, being blended with the anterior horn of the lateral meniscus. These attachments allow it to resist anterior translation of the tibia, in relation to the femur.
The anterior drawer test for anterior cruciate ligament laxity is one of many medical tests used to determine the integrity of the anterior cruciate ligament


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Knee_diagram.svg


wikimedia

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#17
12.B
My key answer is EE but It is supposed to be BB
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#18
13.

B. subtilis can divide symmetrically to make two daughter cells (binary fission), or asymmetrically, producing a single endospore that is resistant to environmental factors such as heat, acid, and salt, and which can persist in the environment for long periods of time

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/co...s_Gram.jpg
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#19
sorry to everybody for mixing up and displacement of Q12 block 1 into block 2
the first Q12 blonges to NBME 5 block 1 and now I'm going to post the Q12 that belongs to nbme 5 block 2 .

NBME 5 block 2 Q12:
The Q is about adypocyte TG metabolization
Q12.EE
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#20
13 - just want to add more abt baciilis subtalis.

hay bacillus or grass bacillus, is a Gram-positive, catalase-positive bacterium commonly found in soil.
A member of the genus Bacillus, B. subtilis is rod-shaped, and has the ability to form a tough, protective endospore, allowing the organism to tolerate extreme environmental conditions.
pathogenesis--
polysacchride capsules.

reproduction--
B. subtilis can divide symmetrically to make two daughter cells (binary fission), or asymmetrically, producing a single endospore that is resistant to environmental factors such as heat, acid, and salt, and which can persist in the environment for long periods of time.
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