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nbme 5 block 2 -q1 to q 50 - drona99
#41
36.BB
G6PD.....Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase is a cytosolic enzyme in the pentose phosphate pathway ,a metabolic pathway that supplies reducing energy to cells (such as erythrocytes) by maintaining the level of the co-enzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH). The NADPH in turn maintains the level of glutathione in these cells that helps protect the red blood cells against oxidative damage.
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#42
37?
waiting for the right answer

38.E

Borderline disorder ,,,

A pervasive pattern of instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image and affects, as well as marked impulsivity, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts, as indicated by five (or more) of the following:
1.Frantic efforts to avoid real or imagined abandonment. Note: Do not include suicidal or self-injuring behavior covered in Criterion 5
2.A pattern of unstable and intense interpersonal relationships characterized by alternating between extremes of idealization and devaluation.
3.Identity disturbance: markedly and persistently unstable self-image or sense of self.
4.Impulsivity in at least two areas that are potentially self-damaging (e.g., promiscuous sex, eating disorders, binge eating, substance abuse, reckless driving). Note: Do not include suicidal or self-injuring behavior covered in Criterion 5
5.Recurrent suicidal behavior, gestures, threats or self-injuring behavior such as cutting, interfering with the healing of scars (excoriation) or picking at oneself.
6.Affective instability due to a marked reactivity of mood (e.g., intense episodic dysphoria, irritability or anxiety usually lasting a few hours and only rarely more than a few days).
7.Chronic feelings of emptiness
8.Inappropriate anger or difficulty controlling anger (e.g., frequent displays of temper, constant anger, recurrent physical fights).
9.Transient, stress-related paranoid ideation, delusions or severe dissociative symptoms
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#43
39.FF

Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD), also called branched-chain ketoaciduria, is an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder affecting branched-chain amino acids. It is one type of organic acidemia.
branched-chain amino acids (leucine, isoleucine, and valine)

The disease is characterized in an infant by the presence of sweet-smelling urine, with an odor similar to that of maple syrup. Infants with this disease seem healthy at birth but if left untreated suffer severe brain damage and eventually die.

From early infancy, symptoms of the condition include poor feeding, vomiting, dehydration, lethargy, hypotonia, seizures, hypoglycaemia, ketoacidosis, opisthotonus, pancreatitis, coma and neurological decline.

Keeping MSUD under control requires careful monitoring of blood chemistry and involves both a special diet and frequent testing.

A diet with minimal levels of the amino acids leucine, isoleucine, and valine must be maintained in order to prevent neurological damage. As these three amino acids are required for proper metabolic function in all people, specialized protein preparations containing substitutes and adjusted levels of the amino acids have been synthesized and tested, allowing MSUD patients to meet normal nutritional requirements without causing harm
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#44
40.EE

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a member of the papillomavirus family of viruses that is capable of infecting humans. Like all papillomaviruses, HPVs establish productive infections only in the stratified epithelium of the skin or mucous membranes.

squamous cell carcinoma (about 80-85%[citation needed])
adenocarcinoma (about 15% of cervical cancers in the UK)
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#45
37.E
tight junctions are pesent where we dont want any wrong thing to happen like backflow or Blood brain barrier where we want to keep the strong barrier -
tight junction prevent cell to cell communication.

posted by drona99

41.AA

Individuals with squamous cell carcinoma are more likely to experience an elevated calcium level (hypercalcemia) which can result in muscle weakness and cramps and constipation. Hypercalcemia is one of the symptoms of paraneoplastic syndrome, and is caused by a tumor secreting (parathyroid -like activity ...>PTHrP)that raises the calcium level in the blood.

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#46
42--AA squamous cell ca poduces PTH like peptide which reabsorbs ca from bone ;also fom DCT so increases ca level --hypercalcemia
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#47
42.AA

autonomous-Having independence or freedom from control by external forces or, in a narrow sense,.

maleficence - doing or causing evil.

beneficence - the quality of being kind or helpful or generous.

Utilitarianism-defines morality in terms of the maximization of net expectable utility for all parties affected by a decision or action.

deontology -is the view that morality either forbids or permits actions, which is done through moral norms. For example, a deontological moral theory might hold that lying is wrong, even if it produces good consequences.
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#48
43.AA
linkage disequilibrium is the occurrence of some combinations of alleles or genetic markers in a population more often or less often than would be expected from a random formation of haplotypes from alleles based on their frequencies.

Random assortment or Mendel's law of independent assortment, states that allele pairs separate independently during the formation of gametes. This means that traits are transmitted to offspring independently of one another.

Somatic mutations can occur in any of the cells of the body except the germ cells (sperm and egg) and therefore are not passed on to children.

Variable expressivity occurs when a phenotype is expressed to a different degree among individuals with the same genotype.
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#49
44.EE
Prostacyclin is produced in endothelial cells from prostaglandin H2 (PGH2) by the action of the enzyme prostacyclin synthase.
It is an effective vasodilator.
Prostacyclin (PGI2) also chiefly prevents formation of the platelet plug involved in primary hemostasis (a part of blood clot formation). It does this by inhibiting platelet activation.
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#50
45.D

Hand, foot, and mouth disease, a type of coxsackievirus syndrome, causes painful red blisters in the throat and on the tongue, gums, hard palate, inside of the cheeks, and the palms of hands and soles of the feet.

picornavirus.....no envelope...ss+......Icosahedral
poliovirus,...polio
Echovirus...aseptic meningitis
Rhinovirus....common cold
HAV....acute viral heatitis
Coxackivirus...aseptic meingitis,herpangina....febrile pharyngitis,hand,foot and mouth disease,myocarditis
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