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20 C-Endometrioma-Endometriomas usually present as a pelvic mass arising from growth of ectopic endometrial tissue within the ovary. They typically contain thick brown tar-like fluid (hence the name "chocolate cyst") and are often densely adherent to surrounding structures, such as the peritoneum, fallopian tubes, and bowel. An endometrioma may be associated with symptoms of endometriosis (eg, pelvic pain, dysmenorrhea, and dyspareunia) or identified at the time of evaluation for a pelvic mass or infertility. A woman with a ruptured endometrioma may initially present with peritoneal signs and symptoms, elevated white blood cell count, and low grade fever, similar to patients with acute pelvic inflammatory disease or appendicitis
PATHOGENESIS
The pathogenesis of endometriomas is not clear. One hypothesis is that retrograde passage of menstrual blood or shedding from endometriosis implants deposit on the ovary. Progressive invagination of the ovarian cortex over these deposits then leads to formation of an endometrioma, which is actually a pseudocyst [1]. The cyst contents of endometriomas contain high concentrations of iron, presumably from chronic bleeding into the cyst, possibly at the time of menses.
50 percent of women with endometriosis develop endometriomas, which are often bilateral .(uptodate.com)
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15.AA
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Iliac_veins.gif
17.EE
posterior pituitary hormones:
Hormone...................Target...............................effect..............................source........
Oxytocin - OT,,,, Uterus, mammary glands,,,, Uterine contractions; lactation,,, supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei
Hormone...............................................Target......................Effect...............
Vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone) Kidneys or Arterioles,,, Stimulates water retention; raises blood pressure by contracting arterioles, induces male aggression
sousrce  upraoptic and paraventricular nuclei
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21.EE
bile is stored in the gallbladder and upon eating is discharged into the duodenum. Bile is a composition of the following materials: water (85%), bile salts (10%), mucus and pigments (3%), fats (1%), inorganic salts (0.7%) and cholesterin (0.3%).
condensed bile content vs fresh bile..........the proportion of water is decreased in bile stored in the gallbladder
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22.AA
Ischemic Heart disease...Prinzmetal's variant occures secondary to coronary artery spasm ....ST elevatio on ECG
Treatment...Nitrate and CCB
Ergonovine...is used as a diagnostic test.....provoke coronary vasospasm
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23.AA
Although a myxoma is not cancer, complications are common. Untreated, a myxoma can lead to an embolism (tumor cells breaking off and traveling with the bloodstream), which can block blood flow or cause the myxoma to grow in another part of the body. Myxoma fragments can move to the brain, eye, or limbs.
If the tumor grows inside the heart, it can block blood flow through the mitral valve and cause symptoms of mitral stenosis. This may require emergency surgery to prevent sudden death.
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24.AA
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/co...stem_1.png
The AV node is an area of specialized tissue between the atria and the ventricles of the heart, specifically in the posteroinferior region of the interatrial septum near the opening of the coronary sinus, which conducts the normal electrical impulse from the atria to the ventricles
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25.DD
Below PECTINATE LINE.........external hemorrhoide...squamous cell carcinoma
External hemorrhoids recieve somatic inervation and are painful......inervated by inferior rectal nerve,,,is a branch of pudental nerve
Arterial suuply.....inferior rectal aretery....branch of internal pudental aretery
Venous drainage......to inf.rectal vein....>internal pudental vein.....>internal iliac vein....>IVC
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26.FFF
Hyperthyroidism is diagnosed through a careful review of symptoms, as well as blood tests to measure TSH, T4, and T3 levels.
Some symptoms of hyperthyroidism are common features in normal pregnancies, including increased heart rate, heat intolerance, and fatigue. Other symptoms are more indicative of hyperthyroidism: rapid and irregular heartbeat, a fine tremor, unexplained weight loss or failure to have normal pregnancy weight gain, and the severe nausea and vomiting associated with hyperemesis gravidarum.
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27..EEEE
Staph aureus poisoning in the food is due to ingestion of preformed exotoxin...
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2
28...EEE
Cystic fibrosis...there is a defective CL channel, and an abnormal secretion of thick mucus that plugs lungs, pancreas and liver......this is due an abnormal post-translational processing of a transmembrane protein...lab sweat concentration of chloride over 60 mmol,,
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