NBME 6 block 4 q1 to 50 - maryam2009

[ArchivalUser]

28.DD

typeII.....secrets surfactant

29.AA

Actinic Keratosis.....premalignant lesionaused by sun exposure...small,rough,erythematous or brownish apule...ctaneous horn,risk for carcinoma is proportional epithelial dysplesiato

[ArchivalUser]

30.BB

Primary hyperparathyroidism results from a hyperfunction of the parathyroid glands themselves. There is oversecretion of PTH due to adenoma, hyperplasia or, rarely, carcinoma of the parathyroid glands.

Secondary hyperparathyroidism is the reaction of the parathyroid glands to a hypocalcemia caused by something other than a parathyroid pathology, e.g. chronic renal failure.

Tertiary hyperparathyroidism result from hyperplasia of the parathyroid glands and a loss of response to serum calcium levels. This disorder is most often seen in patients with chronic renal failure and is an autonomous activity.

most of the symptoms of parathyroid disease are "neurological" in origin. Common manifestations of hyperparathyroidism include weakness and fatigue, depression, bone pain, muscle soreness (myalgias), decreased appetite, feelings of nausea and vomiting, constipation, polyuria, polydipsia, cognitive impairment, kidney stones and osteoporosis.[4] Surgical removal of a parathyroid tumor will eliminate the symptoms in most patients.

Serum calcium:
primary hyperparathyroidism or tertiary hyperparathyroidism heightened PTH leads to increased serum calcium (hypercalcemia) due to:

1.increased bone resorption, allowing flow of calcium from bone to blood
2.reduced renal clearance of calcium
3.increased intestinal calcium absorption
By contrast, in secondary hyperparathyroidism effectiveness of PTH is reduced.

Serum phosphate
In primary hyperparathyroidism, serum phosphate levels are abnormally low as a result of decreased renal tubular phosphate reabsorption. However, this is only present in about 50% of cases.but in secondary hyperparathyroidism, serum phosphate levels are generally elevated because of renal disease.

[ArchivalUser]

31.AA

Damage to this pathway can cause a form of aphasia known as conduction aphasia, where auditory comprehension and speech articulation are preserved, but people find it difficult to repeat heard speech.

This fiber bundle has great importance for language. It connects Wernicke's area (phonological recognition) to Broca's area (phonological production).

http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http...CDEQ9QEwBA

[ArchivalUser]

32.

Huntington's disease, chorea, (AD)it is a neurodegenerative genetic disorder that affects muscle coordination and leads to cog nitive decline and dementia.
Symptoms of Huntington's disease commonly become noticeable between the ages of 35 and 44 years, but they can begin at any age from infancy to old age.

HD affects specific areas of the brain. The most prominent early effects are in a part of the basal ganglia called the neostriatum, which is composed of the caudate nucleus and putamen.

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33.DD

fracture at midshaft of humerus can cause Radial injurey.....wrist drop

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34.CC

posterior cerebral artery occlusion cause hemianopia with macula soaring

35.CC

we shoud calculate the pobability of surviving after two years (2-4)......84*.85

36.AA

Seronegative spondylo arthropathies....Ankylosing spondylitis..it is chronic inflammatory disease of spine and sarcoiliac joints...>unkylosis,uvetities and aortic regurgitation

strong assocciated with HLA-B27

[ArchivalUser]

37.BB

Ca2+ is used in a multitude of processes, among them :
muscle contraction,
release of neurotransmitter from nerve endings,
vision in retina cells,
proliferation,
secretion,
cytoskeleton management,
cell migration,
gene expression,
metabolism.

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38.AA

attributable risk is the difference in rate of a condition between an exposed population and an unexposed population

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D, Genralized anxiety disorder: pattern of uncontrollable anxiety for at least 6 months that is unrealated to a specific person, situation, or event.

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39. D
Genralized anxiety disorder: pattern of uncontrollable anxiety for at least 6 months that is unrealated to a specific person, situation, or event.