high yield point of the day - usmann76

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hashimotos-anti thyroid peroxidase antibodies
grave-anti thyroid immunoglobulins

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infantile spasms - mental retardation - shagreen patch - ashleaf macules - iris hamartoma----- tuberous sclerosis/bourneville disease
ACTH and vigabatrin for infantile spasm.

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Crytpotoccus meningitis Rx: Amphotericin and Fluconozole

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Prerenal azotemia- hypoperfusion of kidney- makes conc. urine BUN:Cr gr8er than 20:1
ATN: Urine concentrating ability lost so urine is dilute. BUN:Cr less than 20:1 exception is incase of contrast induced ATN where urine will be concentrated.

Type1- Distal RTA- Urine pH high, blood K+ low, can coz renal stones, Dx: give acid, Rx: bicarbonate
Type2- Proximal RTA- Urine pH- variable, bld K+ low, Dx: give bicarbonate, Rx: Thiazides
Type 4- Hyporeninemia, hypoaldosteronism- Urine pH less than 5.5, bld K+ high, Dx: urine salt loss, Rx: Fludrocortisone.

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MS- acute exacerbation- Rx- Corticosteroids
Relapsing-remitting- Rx- B interferon, Glatiramer acetate

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Lidocaine can cause ASYSTOLE

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Anterior shoulder dislocation- pt. presents w/ arm abducted+ externally rotated. Posterior shoulder dislocation- occurs mostly after tonic clonic seizure+ pt. presents w/ arm adducted+ internally rotated.

Pt w/ WPW presenting w/ AF- Rx Procainamide.

AS pt associated w/ colon angiodysplasia

Bartter syn- defective reabsorption on Na+ +Cl- from thick ascending limb- activation of RAAS- presents like renin secreting tumor except serum Na+ level is normal. In renin secreting tumor- serum Na+ elevated.

Niacin (vit B3) deficiency- Pellagra- reddish rash on exposed skin, red tongue, dementia, encephalopathy, diarrhea, vomiting, anorexia. Common in alcoholics, pts on long term INH, carcinoid syn, hartnup dis.
Riboflavin deficiency (Vit B2) def- sore throat, cheilosis, stomatitis, glossitis, hyperemic mucus membranes, seborhic dermatitis, photophobia. Common in food shortage regions.

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sturge weber----nevus flammeus/port wine stain, seizures ,mental retardation, leptomeningeal angioma , buphthalmos(cong. cataract) , tram line calcifications in CT.....pulsed laser therapy

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For B.pertussis Rx is macrilide regardless of pts age, or disease stage.

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Germ cell tumour markers
seminoma - Inc BHCG and normal AFp
Non seminoma - Inc BHCG and Inc AFP