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Q12.EE
TG metablizes to Glycerol and Fatty Acid . Adipocytes lack glycerol kinase so they cannot metabolize the glycerol produced during triacyl glycerol degradation. This glycerol is instead shuttled to the liver via the blood where it is:
phosphorylated by glycerol kinase to glycerol phosphate
converted to DHAP (dihydroxyacetone phosphate) which can participate in glycolysis or gluconeogenesis.
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14.Gap Junction
15.AA
16.EE
Follicular lymphoma is a type of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma most common in aduls ,,,,cell types are B cells,,,,,,,Genetics:t (14,18),bcl-2 expression,,,
,bcl-2 inhibits apoptosis
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17. FF
stem is simply asking that "Once the Cytokine provided the signal , Which intracellular Enzyme is, that Inhibit (oppose/antagonize ) the Transmission of This Mitogenic Signal"
Mitogenic Signal transmission uses "MAP Kinases".......it is the "Phosphatases" that oppose the signal at all levels where kinases are used.
Kinases............. promote Mitogenic Signal
Phosphatases..... oppose Mitogenic signal
-so the signal transmission is controlled by the balance b/w the above two enzymes activity.
posted by Sarim
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18.CC
When there is no history of DMD in the family, the mother or the patient may have a de novo (or sporadic) mutation. In 2/3 of DMD cases, the boy inherited the gene from a carrier mother. 1/3 of cases where there are no other affected family members are due to a new mutation. When a new mutation is suspected, the patient may have a new mutation, or the mother may be germline mosaic for the disorder
Typically, a person with only germline mosaicism will not be affected with the disorder caused by the mutation because the mutation is not in the other cells of the body. Genetic testing using blood or tissue samples (other than germline tissue) from individuals who only have a germline mutation will be negative for the mutation.
Germline mosaicism can be observed with any inheritance pattern, but it is most commonly seen with autosomal dominant and X-linked disorders.
Most individuals are unaware they possess a germline mutation until they have children that are affected. Because the mosaic germline mutation is present in the egg or sperm cell, it will also be present in all cells of the child developing from that germ cell. If it is an autosomal dominant mutation, the child will be affected with the disorder, and will not be a mosaic like his or her parent.
The recurrence risk for a parent with germline mosaicism for an AD disorder is hard to predict since it depends on the proportion of germline cells with the mutation, which can not be determined through testing. Based on family studies, the risk for another affected child may be low (around 1%), moderate (as in 6%), or high (30%), depending on both the proportion of mutated germ cells and the disorder in question.
In most instances where unaffected parents have a child with an autosomal dominant (AD) disorder, it is because of a new mutation that occurred by chance in only one egg or sperm cell, not in a proportion of them. This is called a sporadic mutation. However, in rare situations, unaffected parents can have more than one child with an AD disorder. This can be caused by germline mosaicism.
Germline mosaicism has been observed in a number of conditions, including osteogenesis imperfecta and Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
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19.CC
In pharmacology, efficacy, refers to the maximum response achievable from a drug. It is often described by the parameter Emax.using both of drugs make the same efficacy .....pain-relief so they have equal efficacy
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20.A
apoptosis regulator proteins encoded by the BCL2 gene.
Bcl-2 derives its name from B-cell lymphoma 2, as it is the second member of a range of proteins initially described in chromosomal translocations involving chromosomes 14 and 18 in follicular lymphomas.
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21.DD
Throughout the coagulation cascade, every factor constitutes a substrate ready to be cleaved by the previous factor, once activated. Coagulation factors are mainly serine proteases.
A is related to successive phosphorylations.
B is related to polymerization-depolymerization of tubulins.
C is related to Fe binding to proteins (transferrin & ferroportin).
E is related to nuclear pore complexes, importins etc.
posted by ath.panthelis
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22.GG
Congenital toxoplasmosis is a special form in which an unborn child is infected via the placenta.
If a woman receives her first exposure to toxoplasmosis while pregnant, the baby is at particular risk. A woman with no previous exposure should avoid handling raw meat, exposure to cat feces, and gardening (cat feces are common in garden soil).
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23.FF
Superantigens bind first to the MHC Class II and then coordinate to the variable alpha or beta chain of T-cell Receptors (TCR).
Superantigens (SAgs) are a class of antigens which cause non-specific activation of T-cells resulting in polyclonal T cell activation and massive cytokine release. SAgs can be produced by pathogenic microbes like Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus pyogenes.
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24.CC
splicing of primary gene is a process by which the exons of the RNA produced by transcription of a gene (a primary gene transcript or pre-mRNA) are reconnected in multiple ways during RNA splicing. The resulting different mRNAs may be translated into different protein isoforms; thus, a single gene may code for multiple proteins.
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